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Essay about Consultation Advocacy - 1935 Words

Consultation and Advocacy COUN5004 Abstract This paper discusses the importance of both social justice and consultation in the field of counseling. The introduction is an explanation of social justice advocacy, consultation, how it is related to the Marriage and Family counseling, and the different strategies and steps counselors take to advocate for their clients. Next, I discussed how advocacy is related to myself while I become a professional counselor in the area of specialization and my beliefs about advocacy and consultation having similarities and differences. Next, I discussed how advocacy benefits the care provided for children, adolescents, adults, couples, and families related to the specific specialty area in which I am†¦show more content†¦As a marriage and family therapist I will be working with clients of all ages, ethnicities, genders, sexual orientations, religions, and disabilities. It will be my overall responsibility to positively help clients on psychological issues that are too hard to handle the mselves. Advocacy stands out the most when I relate it to the area of specialization I plan to pursue. Advocacy is helping clients change for the better by speaking to the client and helping them cope with their struggles while finding solutions to overcome these difficulties. I will advocate for families, couples, teens, and children. This will take a lot of different training and experience to be able to successfully help the clients improve their psychological well-being. Advocacy is known as the removal of external and institutional barriers to the client’s well-being. Further, Lewis, Lewis, DAndrea amp; Daniels (1998), stated that advocacy serves two primary purposes: (1) increasing clients sense of personal power and (2) fostering environmental changes that reflect greater responsiveness to their personal needs. (p. 172). Many scholars debate whether social justice advocacy and consultation are similar or different. However, many scholars propose that school counselor c onsultation is a practice that naturally overlaps with an advocacy perspective. Both advocacy and consultation encourages counselors to act outside of the counselor/client interaction. TheShow MoreRelatedEssay about Consultation and Advocacy in Counseling1478 Words   |  6 PagesConsultation and Advocacy in Counseling Donna Boyett COUN 5004 Survey of Research in Human Development for Professional Counselors August 4, 2012 195 Wayfair Lane Hinesville, GA 31313 Telephone: (912) 980-1231 Email: Donna.Boyett@hotmail.com Instructor: Kathy Blaydes Abstract This paper discuses the importance of social justice advocacy and consultation in the counseling profession. The introduction is an explanation of social justice advocacy, and the different ways counselors advocateRead MoreMental Health Counseling: Integrating Consultation and Social Advocacy1997 Words   |  8 PagesAbstract With the meshing of consultation and advocacy, mental health counselors can both assist in dealing with the issues that their clients face personally, but also help to make better the world around them. In order to respond to the thesis questions presented in this paper, we must first define consultation and social justice advocacy within the counseling context. Typically, consultation means a general meeting or conference between parties. In the counseling context however, we canRead MoreAdvocacy Core Units 301 304 Learner pac Essay27222 Words   |  109 PagesQualification in Advocacy 7566 Certificate in Independent Advocacy Self Study Pack to accompany Core Modules 301 302 303 304 Purpose and Principles of Independent Advocacy Providing Effective Independent Advocacy Support Maintaining the Advocacy Relationship Providing Advocacy to a Range of Different Groups of People  © Kate Mercer Training www.katemercer-training.com 1 Learner Resource Pack  © Kate Mercer Training www.katemercer-training.com 2 Welcome to the learner pack which will supportRead MoreChallenges Integrating Students With Disabilities6780 Words   |  28 Pages2001). Typical services offered by support offices include regular meetings with a counselor or disability specialist, consultation and collaboration with members of the campus community who serve as support to students (e.g. tutors, advisors, counseling staff), extended deadlines on assignments, academic adjustments and restructuring of class assignments, counseling and advocacy to assist a student as a self-advocate, extended time for test taking in a separate, quiet location to reduce distractionsRead MoreThe Intersection Of Inclusion, School Culture, And Social Jus Tice Leadership7770 Words   |  32 Pagesstudents with disabilities were isolated and institutionalized. Society s perception was that it was not necessary or beneficial to invest time or resources into this group of people (Spaulding Pratt, 2015; Dybwad, 1990; Winzer, 1998). Direct advocacy and litigations caused changes in federal legislation (Griffith, 2015; Lloyd Lloyd, 2015). Due to the civil rights movement, stu-dents with disabilities became part of the public educational system. Our current system has evolved to the levelRead MorePluralism and Policy Making in New Zealand2593 Words   |  11 PagesRichard Mulgan criticised FPP as the reason New Zealand democracy fell â€Å"far short of the ideal standard set by the principles of pluralist democracy† and argued that â€Å"â€Å"In so far as the new constitutional arrangements will impose a greater degree of consultation and compromise; they may be seen as a victory for the principles of democratic pluralism† (Mulgan, 2004, p.322). A Royal Commission into the electoral system was established in 1985 and in 1986 the report was released in favour of New ZealandRead MoreAdvocacy in Counseling1622 Words   |  7 PagesConsultation and Advocacy Bradlee Donahue Survey of Research in Human Development for Professional Counselors Kathy Blaydes August 4, 2013 Advocacy and consultation have over the years proven to be two equally important ways for counselors to assist their clients. According to research conducted by Moe, Perera-Diltz, Sepulveda (2010), there is a positive correlation between the two concepts. For example, both concepts utilize distinct and unique methodologiesRead MoreEvidence Based Policy Making And The Influence Of Intangibles1635 Words   |  7 Pagescase study provides insight into agenda setting and policy formulation. It highlights the place of the social construction of issues and policy windows in agenda setting. Also, the case study allows us to reflect upon the role of consultation, collaboration and advocacy in framing persuasive policy recommendations. The power of evidence-based policy formulation as well as the importance of other intangible factors in influencing policy decisions are revealed in the New Zealand Government’s $200 millionRead MoreCulturally Relevant Strategies Essay examples1381 Wor ds   |  6 PagesCulturally Relevant Strategies Jennifer Sillaway COUN5336 Counseling and Advocacy with Diverse Populations February 24, 2013 Dr. Kaisha Thomas Aspirations Mental health counseling was not the career path in which I envisioned myself embarking on. Becoming a mental health counselor has many challenges and benefits. Along my career path I have had the pleasure of getting to know a variety of positions within mental health. Finding the definition of a mental health counselor can be definedRead MoreThe Experience Of A Professional Mental Health Counselor1356 Words   |  6 PagesEmergency Response and Advocacy (Q9) K.W. goal is for a client to know why they are taking medication and know that the medication and therapy will help them have a good outcome, giving the reason for the client not to stop taking medication with counseling knowing due to harm it may cause them. (Q12) K.W. you should seek supervision twice a month and clinical therapy it is once a month. K.W. when having a hard time in a clinical supervisor role. I have to seek consultation for advice on how to handle

Solar Cell Essay Example For Students

Solar Cell Essay Solar cellsSolar cells today are mostly made of silicon, one of the most commonelements on Earth. The crystalline silicon solar cell was one of the firsttypes to be developed and it is still the most common type in use today. They do not pollute the atmosphere and they leave behind no harmful wasteproducts. Photovoltaic cells work effectively even in cloudy weather andunlike solar heaters, are more efficient at low temperatures. They do theirjob silently and there are no moving parts to wear out. It is no wonderthat one marvels on how such a device would function. To understand how a solar cell works, it is necessary to go back tosome basic atomic concepts. In the simplest model of the atom, electronsorbit a central nucleus, composed of protons and neutrons. each electroncarries one negative charge and each proton one positive charge. Neutronscarry no charge. Every atom has the same number of electrons as there areprotons, so, on the whole, it is electrically neutral. The electrons havediscrete kinetic energy levels, which increase with the orbital radius. When atoms bond together to form a solid, the electron energy levels mergeinto bands. In electrical conductors, these bands are continuous but ininsulators and semiconductors there is an energy gap, in which noelectron orbits can exist, between the inner valence band and outerconduction band Book 1. Valence electrons help to bind together the atomsin a solid by orbiting 2 adjacent nucleii, while conduction electrons,being less closely bound to the nucleii, are free to move in response to anapplied voltage or electric field. The fewer conduction electrons there are,the higher the electrical resistivity of the material. In semiconductors, the materials from which solar sells are made, theenergy gap Eg is fairly small. Because of this, electrons in the valenceband can easily be made to jump to the conduction band by the injection ofenergy, either in the form of heat or light Book 4. This explains why thehigh resistivity of semiconductors decreases as the temperature is raisedor the material illuminated. The excitation of valence electrons to theconduction band is best accomplished when the semiconductor is in thecrystalline state, i.e. when the atoms are arranged in a precisegeometrical formation or lattice. At room temperature and low illumination, pure or so-calledintrinsic semiconductors have a high resistivity. But the resistivity canbe greatly reduced by doping, i.e. introducing a very small amount ofimpurity, of the order of one in a million atoms. There are 2 kinds ofdopant. Those which have more valence electrons that the semiconductoritself are called donors and those which have fewer are termedacceptors Book 2. In a silicon crystal, each atom has 4 valence electrons, which areshared with a neighbouring atom to form a stable tetrahedral structure. Phosphorus, which has 5 valence electrons, is a donor and causes extraelectrons to appear in the conduction band. Silicon so doped is called n-type Book 5. On the other hand, boron, with a valence of 3, is anacceptor, leaving so-called holes in the lattice, which act likepositive charges and render the silicon p-typeBook 5. The drawings inFigure 1.2 are 2-dimensional representations of n-and p-type siliconcrystals, in which the atomic nucleii in the lattice are indicated bycircles and the bonding valence electrons are shown as lines between theatoms. Holes, like electrons, will remove under the influence of an appliedvoltage but, as the mechanism of their movement is valence electronsubstitution from atom to atom, they are less mobile than the freeconduction electrons Book 2. .ua41da4533b65f2f6d358cb4a049fbb06 , .ua41da4533b65f2f6d358cb4a049fbb06 .postImageUrl , .ua41da4533b65f2f6d358cb4a049fbb06 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua41da4533b65f2f6d358cb4a049fbb06 , .ua41da4533b65f2f6d358cb4a049fbb06:hover , .ua41da4533b65f2f6d358cb4a049fbb06:visited , .ua41da4533b65f2f6d358cb4a049fbb06:active { border:0!important; } .ua41da4533b65f2f6d358cb4a049fbb06 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua41da4533b65f2f6d358cb4a049fbb06 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua41da4533b65f2f6d358cb4a049fbb06:active , .ua41da4533b65f2f6d358cb4a049fbb06:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua41da4533b65f2f6d358cb4a049fbb06 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua41da4533b65f2f6d358cb4a049fbb06 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua41da4533b65f2f6d358cb4a049fbb06 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua41da4533b65f2f6d358cb4a049fbb06 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua41da4533b65f2f6d358cb4a049fbb06:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua41da4533b65f2f6d358cb4a049fbb06 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua41da4533b65f2f6d358cb4a049fbb06 .ua41da4533b65f2f6d358cb4a049fbb06-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua41da4533b65f2f6d358cb4a049fbb06:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Columbian Exchange EssayIn a n-on-p crystalline silicon solar cell, a shadow junction isformed by diffusing phosphorus into a boron-based base. At the junction,conduction electrons from donor atoms in the n-region diffuse into the p-region and combine with holes in acceptor atoms, producing a layer ofnegatively-charged impurity atoms. The opposite action also takes place,holes from acceptor atoms in the p-region crossing into the n-region,combining with electrons and producing positively-charged impurity atomsBook 4. The net result of these movements is the disappearance ofconduction electrons and holes from the vicinity of the junction and theestablishment there of a reve rse electric field, which is positive on then-side and negative on the p-side. This reverse field plays a vital part inthe functioning of the device. The area in which it is set up is called thedepletion area or barrier layerBook 4. When light falls on the front surface, photons with energy in excessof the energy gap (1.1 eV in crystalline silicon) interact with valenceelectrons and lift them to the conduction band. This movement leaves behindholes, so each photon is said to generate an electron-hole pair Book 2. In the crystalline silicon, electron-hole generation takes place throughoutthe thickness of the cell, in concentrations depending on the irradianceand the spectral composition of the light. Photon energy is inverselyproportional to wavelength. The highly energetic photons in the ultra-violet and blue part of the spectrum are absorbed very near the surface,while the less energetic longer wave photons in the red and infrared areabsorbed deeper in the crystal and further from the junction Book 4. Mostare absorbed within a thickness of 100 m. The electrons and holes diffuse through the crystal in an effort toproduce an even distribution. Some recombine after a lifetime of the orderof one millisecond, neutralizing their charges and giving up energy in theform of heat. Others reach the junction before their lifetime has expired. There they are separated by the reverse field, the electrons beingaccelerated towards the negative contact and the holes towards the positiveBook 5. If the cell is connected to a load, electrons will be pushed fromthe negative contact through the load to the positive contact, where theywill recombine with holes. This constitutes an electric current. Incrystalline silicon cells, the current generated by radiation of aparticular spectral composition is directly proportional to the irradianceBook 2. Some types of solar cell, however, do not exhibit this linearrelationship. The silicon solar cell has many advantages such as high reliability,photovoltaic power plants can be put up easily and quickly, photovoltaicpower plants are quite modular and can respond to sudden changes in solarinput which occur when clouds pass by. However there are still some majorproblems with them. They still cost too much for mass use and arerelatively inefficient with conversion efficiencies of 20% to 30%. Withtime, both of these problems will be solved through mass production and newtechnological advances in semiconductors. Bibliography1) Green, Martin Solar Cells, Operating Principles, Technology and SystemApplications. New Jersey, Prentice-Hall, 1989. pg 104-1062) Hovel, Howard Solar Cells, Semiconductors and Semimetals. New York,Academic Press, 1990. pg 334-3393) Newham, Michael ,Photovoltaics, The Sunrise Industry, Solar Energy,October 1, 1989, pp 253-256 4) Pulfrey, Donald Photovoltaic PowerGeneration. Oxford, Van Norstrand Co., 1988. pg 56-615) Treble, Fredrick Generating Electricity from the Sun. New York, PergamonPress, 1991. pg 192-195

The Lottery and The Ambitious Guest

One of the prominent themes, commonly explored in the works of literature, is a blindness of one’s fate. Apparently, it is being quite impossible for the people to proceed with indulging in a variety of cognitive activities without noticing that it is namely the factor of uncertainty, which defines the actual outcome of their even seemingly well-planned undertakings.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Lottery and The Ambitious Guest specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In its turn, the exposure of fate’s blindness is best achieved by the mean of authors utilizing the rhetorical element of irony. The reason for this is simple – by emphasizing ironic undertones of how characters go about addressing life’s challenges, authors increase the emotional appeal of their stories. After all, just as it is being the case with many literary characters trying to adjust the surrounding reality to correl ate with their deep-seated idealistic/irrational anxieties, the members of reading audiences are being naturally inclined to seek purposefulness to their existence. However, given the fact that such their inclination stands in striking opposition to the actual essence of nature’s workings, it does not come as a particular surprise that eventually, most of them end up experiencing certain disillusionment, as the result of having realized the sheer erroneousness of their idealistic attitudes towards life. Therefore, upon being exposed to a literary irony, concerned with accentuating fate’s blindness, readers are able to confirm the validity of their own experiences, in this respect. In its turn, this causes them to them to think of the stories/novels that feature the prominent elements of irony, as such that represent a particularly high literary value. In this paper, I will aim to explore the legitimacy of an earlier suggestion in regards to how the deployment of a lite rary irony had helped Shirley Jackson and Nathaniel Hawthorne to emphasize the philosophic significance of their short stories The Lottery and The Ambitious Guest. As people go through life, they tend to assess the qualitative essence of their experiences, concerned with addressing life’s challenges, in terms of ‘fairness vs. unfairness’.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Such their tendency, however, appears highly irrational, because it is often being the case that what people tend to consider the emanations of ‘fairness’, in regards to the lives of others, seem highly ‘unfair’, when assessed through the lenses of their own existential experiences. The validity of this idea can be well illustrated in relation to Jackson’s short story. After all, even though that is it appears from this story’s context, the character of Mrs. Hutchinson used to participate in playing the lottery on numerous occasions, it never occurred to her that there was any unfairness to the stoning of lottery’s previous ‘winners’. In fact, she even had a hard time while trying to conceal her excitement, in respect of having been provided with an opportunity to observe the spectacle of a next lottery’s ‘winner’ being put to death: â€Å"I looked out the window and the kids was gone, and then I remembered it was the twenty-seventh and came a-running† (Jackson). Nevertheless, after having realized it is was her husband Bill who pulled out the ‘lucky’ chip this time, Mrs. Hutchinson started to exhibit the sings of uneasiness with what was about to follow. Yet, while being unable to prevent the stoning of her husband by the mean of appealing to participants’ sense of rationale, Mrs. Hutchinson could not think of anything better to do but to accuse Mr. Summers of the fact that he did not allow Bill to take his time, while deciding on which wooden chip he should have picked. To substantiate the legitimacy of her claim, Mrs. Hutchinson invoked the notion of fairness: â€Å"Tessie Hutchinson shouted to Mr. Summers. ‘You didn’t give him time enough to take any paper he wanted. I saw you. It wasn’t fair!’† (Jackson). Given the fact that, as it was the case with Mrs. Hutchinson, village residents were just as concerned with ensuring ‘fairness’, as their lives’ foremost prerogative, they did allow lottery’s redraw. As a result, Mrs. Hutchinson ended up pulling out the ‘lucky’ chip herself.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Lottery and The Ambitious Guest specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nevertheless, despite the fact that this time she did not have any formal excuses to complain about the ‘unfairn ess’, Mrs. Hutchinson proceeded with referring to her ‘luck’ with picking out the designated chip as being utterly unfair: â€Å"’It isn’t fair,’ she said†¦ ‘It isn’t fair, it isn’t right,’ Mrs. Hutchinson screamed† (Jackson). It is needles to mention, of course, that there is a prominently defined irony to Jackson story’s conclusion. After all, nobody forced Mr. Hutchinson to start making public appeals to ‘fairness’. Therefore, it is utterly ironic that, while referring to her rather acute sense of ‘fairness’, as the driving motivation behind her demand for lottery’s redraw, Mrs. Hutchinson had in fact brought about her own demise. In its turn, this point out to the full validity of a highly ironic saying – ‘be careful about what you are wishing for’. Apparently, the actual tragedy of one’s existence is not being concerned with the fact that, as time goes on, he or she is having a hard time, while trying to assure ‘fate’s smiling’, but with the fact that very often such ‘fate’s smiling’ appears to have strongly defined negative connotations to it. Essentially the same argument can be utilized within the context of discussing the significance of a literary irony in Hawthorne’s story. As it appears from this particular story, the character of young traveler never ceased experiencing an acute sensation that he was destined for something great. Moreover, traveler’s greatness-related anxieties were not as much concerned with his intention to become a socially prominent individual in physical life, as much as they were concerned with his desire to attain post-mortem fame: â€Å"The secret of the young man’s character was a high and abstracted ambition. He could have borne to live an undistinguished life, but not to be forgotten in the grave† (Hawthorne) . Apparently, the traveler was endowed with a so-called ‘Faustian’ psyche, the workings of which are being concerned with an affiliated individual’s subconscious and highly idealistic desire to live for something greater than simply the satisfaction its animalistic instincts, as it is being usually the case with people endowed with a so-called ‘Apollonian’ mentality.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Nevertheless, ‘Faustians’ are being just as subjected to the objective laws of nature as ‘Apollonians’ are. Given the fact that the principle of uncertainty (Heisenberg’s principle) defines the very essence of how natural laws affect the surrounding reality, it does not come as a particular surprise that idealistically minded people’s strive to ensure the ‘purposefulness’ of their lives often falls short of its objectives. After all, it is specifically their exposure/non-exposure to purely accidental events, which define these people’s actual chances to attain social prominence – whatever the emotionally uncomfortable such a suggestion may sound. Therefore, the novel’s scene in which traveler dies during the course of an avalanche (which presupposes that his grave will forever remain anonymous), cannot be referred to as anything but highly ironic. It is not only that the cottage where traveler had stopped for the night was left untouched by the avalanche: â€Å"Down came the whole side of the mountain, in a cataract of ruin. Just before it reached the house, the stream broke into two branches – shivered not a window there, but overwhelmed the whole vicinity† (Hawthorne), which means that the traveler would have survived, had he stayed inside, but that contrary to traveler’s expectation, his death proved essentially futile. Thus, just as it is being the case with highly ironic sounding of Jackson novel’s conclusion, the highly ironic conclusion of Hawthorne’s novel was meant to emphasize fate’s blindness. I believe that the provided earlier line of argumentation, in regards to what should be considered the significance of both stories’ clearly ironic sounding, is being fully consistent with paper’s initial thesis. By utilizing the rhetorical element of irony, Jackson and Hawthorne were able to increase the emotional appeal of their s tories. Even though that the settings of both stories imply the apparent incompatibility between earlier discussed characters’ existential modes, these stories’ reading does advance the idea that, regardless of what happened to be the particulars of people’s cultural or social affiliation, they are being equally subjected to the strikes of a blind fate. Therefore, even though that formally speaking, both stories can be best described as being rather depressing, they nevertheless emanate a strong humanist spirit. After all, these stories do encourage readers to consider the possibility that there is no ‘fairness’ to be found in life – hence, increasing their chances to adopt a proper attitude, when it comes to tackling life’s inconsistencies. Bibliography Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The Ambitious Guest. Classic Reader, 2010. Web. http://www.classicreader.com/book/187/1/ Jackson, Shirley. The Lottery. American Literature, 2003. Web. https://am ericanliterature.com/author/shirley-jackson/short-story/the-lottery This essay on The Lottery and The Ambitious Guest was written and submitted by user Fletcher K. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Freudian Defense Mechanisms essays

Freudian Defense Mechanisms essays Memory can be an accurate chronicler of past events, but is also vulnerable to loss and distortion.1 Forgetting usually occurs imperceptibly with the passing of time. Can people voluntarily forget information by wilfully suppressing it? Recent studies by Michael Anderson and Collin Green2 say "yes". These experiments have stimulated debate because the researchers suggest that their results may provide "a viable model" for Freud's much maligned theory of repression.3,4 Furthermore, the results have been linked5 to the disputed idea that people can repress and later recover memories of childhood sexual abuse.4,6 Anderson and Green used a carefully crafted experimental design to isolate the effects of voluntary suppression on tests of memory. Participants learned a list of 40 unrelated word pairs, such as "ordeal-roach" or "moss-north". They were then prompted with the first word of 30 of the pairs. For half of the items, participants were asked to respond with the second word of the pair; for the other half, they were instructed to suppress the word from conscious awareness. Then a final memory test was carried out. The researchers asked the participants to do their best to recall the second word of each pair when presented with the first word, regardless of the earlier instructions to suppress memory for some words. Participants recalled more words from the "respond" group than words from the "suppress" group. This finding alone might simply indicate that the recall of words from the "respond" group had improved because of practice, rather than revealing an impairment of recall for words in the "suppress" group. However, ten of the word pairs that had appeared only on the study list were used as control words. Fewer suppressed words than control words were recalled. This finding cannot be attributed to the practice of recalled words, and indicates that the recall of words from the "suppress" group was indeed impaired. The same outc...

Word Choice Its vs. Its - Proofread My Papers Academic Blog

Word Choice Its vs. Its - Proofread My Papers Academic Blog Word Choice: Its vs. Its Apostrophes have a bad habit of turning up in unexpected places. Confusion between â€Å"its† and â€Å"its,† for example, is so common that, as proofreaders, we pretty much consider it our nemesis. Worry not, though! We’ve prepared this simple guide to using â€Å"its† and â€Å"it’s† correctly, so read on and you’ll soon be equipped to join our crusade against this common grammatical error. Why the Problem Occurs â€Å"Its† and â€Å"it’s† are so frequently confused because there are two situations in which we typically add an apostrophe to a word: To indicate possession (e.g., the windshield on a car is the â€Å"car’s windshield†) To indicate omitted letters in a contraction (e.g., â€Å"do not† becomes â€Å"don’t†) It would therefore make sense for something belonging to an â€Å"it† to be indicated by adding an apostrophe + â€Å"s† to the word, but in practice we only use an apostrophe for the contraction â€Å"it’s.† Why? And how do you remember this distinction? Let us explain. Its (Possessive Pronoun) The term â€Å"its† is used when referring to something owned or belonging to an â€Å"it† (typically an object or animal): With its smashed windows and chipped paintwork, the car was a wreck. Just dont ask us what we were doing when we wrecked it. [Photo: Thomas R Machnitzki]â€Å"Its† doesn’t require an apostrophe because it is a possessive pronoun, like â€Å"his,† â€Å"her† or â€Å"your† (none of which require an apostrophe to indicate possession). It’s (Contraction) â€Å"Its† is a contraction, a shortened version of two separate words with letters omitted. To be specific, â€Å"it’s† combines â€Å"it† with either â€Å"is† or â€Å"has† depending on the tense used: It is finally time! = It’s finally time! It has been a long wait! = It’s been a long wait! Like any other contraction, you must use an apostrophe to show that two words have been combined when writing â€Å"it’s.† Its or It’s? The distinction between these terms is vital for clarity, so it’s definitely worth taking a moment to remember how they should be used. Thankfully, the difference is a fairly simple one: Its = Possession Its = Contraction (either it is or it has) Thus, if you’re writing about something that belongs to an â€Å"it,† the correct term will always be â€Å"its.† Likewise, if you’re using â€Å"it’s† as a shortened version of â€Å"it is† or â€Å"it has,† you’ll always need an apostrophe. It’s also worth remembering that contractions are generally considered inappropriate in formal writing, so you should avoid terms like â€Å"its† in your college work and write â€Å"it is† in full instead.

Analize the Dynacorp case throught political lenses Essay

Analize the Dynacorp case throught political lenses - Essay Example Conclusion/Tying It All Together 12 References 14 I. Overview- Analysis of the Dynacorp Case Using the Political Lens The end result in terms of organizational design in the case of Dynacorp, as reflected in the case details, is one where the organization has agreed to transition from a functional organization to a front/back design, with the greatest impact being seen in the marketing organization, which has transitioned into three customer operations arenas or groups, representing the US, Latin America/Europe, and the United States. The case, moreover, focuses on the reorganization at the US Customer Operations Group, and the massive sets of issues and challenges that have come with such a reorganization. The focus of this paper is on this transition to the front/back organizational design and on the changes in the US Customer Operations group, where Carl Greystone is the External Vice President and head of the group. The essence of the changes in the US Customer Operations group i s the transition into customer teams that act as consultant teams to companies, in place of old sales teams that focused on getting the sale rather than giving the customers exactly what they want and offering the requisite support to get the job done, including consulting support on systems integration and a focus on finding solutions to problems. As Mr. Greystone notes, the essence of this transition is finding and addressing customer needs: â€Å"Customer teams now function as consultants by helping the customers identify their needs and providing high-quality products, integrated solutions, and customized services to fit those needs† (Ancona et al., 2009, pp. M2-85- M2-88). As discussed in the book, the political lens sees the organization in terms of conflicts of interests, power, and goals among individuals and groups within the organization, and the way to understand the dynamics of political conflict is to understand who has power, where that power comes from, the bas is of the power and how much power the different parties in the organization have. As the discussion notes: â€Å"In the political perspective, the roots of conflict lie in different and competing interests, and disagreements require political action, including negotiation, coalition building, and the exercise of power and influence.† The key concerns of players in the political perspective of the organization revolve around who defines the problems and the agenda, and where they get the power to do so; who the parties advocating solutions are, and why they are advocating such solutions; how a particular group is to procure an outcome or outcomes that are favorable to its own interests (Ancona et al., 2009, p. M2-33). The paper follows the different prescribed analytical steps for the political lens, from mapping and understanding the interests and power of stakeholders through mapping, to procuring buy-in, to coalition-building and the search for allies. The paper also defin es key terms related to the political lens as it goes through the prescribed analytical steps (Ancona et al., 2009. pp. M2-28- M2-58; M2-85 - M2-90). II. Stakeholder Power, Interests Mapping A. Identification, Mapping of Stakeholders, Most Important Stakeholder Interests. Identification of Underlying Interests Driving Interests That Are Stated Explicitly Interests and power are the two defining considerations in the political lens of the organization. Interests refer to the interests of stakeholders in an organization and what those

The Civil Rights Demonstration in Birmingham, Alabama Research Paper

The Civil Rights Demonstration in Birmingham, Alabama - Research Paper Example Such cultural or ideological concept was further strengthened with the formulation and implementation of certain ordinances in the city. Two particular ordinances that highlight segregationist policies are Section 369 and Section 597 of the city ordinances (Birmingham’s Racial Segregation Ordinances, May 1951). Section 369 is about the separation of races when it comes to restaurants and other places in the city that serve food. A restaurant may also serve to both blacks and whites but dividers should also be put in place. Section 597, on the other hand, explicitly states that â€Å"it shall be unlawful for a negro and a white person to play together or in company with each other in any game of cards or dice, dominoes or checkers.† These policies clearly banned any socialization done between whites and blacks. What is interesting to note is that Birmingham, during the said period in history, nearly had an equal population of white Americans and African Americans; the fo rmer comprising 60 percent while the latter made up for 40 percent. It is clear that while the blacks were a minority, they were not far behind in numbers when compared to the whites. However, this was also the factor why they bore the brunt of racism even more. This could be seen in how they had been deprived of job opportunities. This consequently affected the capabilities of the blacks to gain income. According to Garrow, the average income of African Americans in Birmingham was less than half of white salary-earners; a fact that could be observed at the local steel mills (1989, p. 165). The jobs that were made available to the blacks were only those that are under the category of manual labor. Any time that retrenchments have to be made, it was always the black workers that have to leave first. Aside from the cultural and economic biases against the blacks in Birmingham, violent actions and political coercion were also made against them. These only made the situations even worse . In fact, there were scores of bombings that were made since 1945 to 1962 that targeted prominent African American individuals. Homes, meeting places, and even churches used by the blacks, especially those that were used as venues to discuss their conditions, were not spared from such attacks. The state of Alabama outlawed the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. This is the reason why Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth, along with other leaders in the church, organized the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights. The said organization immediately waged a campaign to junk the segregationist ordinances in Birmingham. The courts were soon convinced that segregationist policies related to the use of the city’s parks are illegal. In response, the city administration decided to close the parks. Early Attempts at Demonstrations and Failures After realizing that Birmingham’s city administration would not easily give in to the demands for the termination o f segregationist policies, Rev. Shuttlesworth decided to seek help from the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, which was fast becoming influential in uniting the blacks in the struggle for civil rights. The SCLC responded positively and immediately went to plan the first series of protests. Its first attempt at non-violent direct actions aimed to put pressure on the city’

Accountability, Responsibility and Respect Essay Example for Free

Accountability, Responsibility and Respect Essay Running Head: Accountability, Respresponsibility, and Respect 3 Essay on Accountability, Responsibility, and Respect Among military members and civilians alike, there are personal qualities that determine how you act professionally and also how you act in your personal life. These qualities also determine how other people view you and judge your abilities in both aspects previously stated. In the military, certain qualities are especially prudent because of the nature of the work we complete, and the monetary value of the equipment that we work with. According to Eagle1 Fox2 (2008) Our organization is 1,394,311 soldiers strong, and in order to keep order and, discipline, key values are instilled into us from the day we start our careers, in basic training. Among these values, i am writing about 3 in particular; Accountability, Reponsibility and Respect. See more: Experiment on polytropic process Essay The Value of accountability can be applied to all facets of life. Dictionary.com (2012) defines Accountability as â€Å"The Quality or state of being accountable; especially : an obligation or willingness to accept responsibility or to account for ones actions.† The military uses the word Acccountability with a broader definition. Being accountable gives your command the ability to trust you with tasks and equipment. It also provides them with an accurate idea of where you are at, at all times. If all soldiers were accountable, the military would operate at a much higher performance level. Time for orders to be given, and time it takes for the orders to be carried out would drop. Allowing the military to free resources and also cut monetary spending. Leading to a more productive and cheaper military.

Harold and Maude an analysis Essay -- essays research papers

We are born into this world with the realization that life is hard and that life is like a box of chocolates and it is hard to take it at face value. The majority of our time is spent trying to answer an endless stream of questions only to find the answers to be a complex path of even more questions. This film tells the story of Harold, a twenty year old lost in life and haunted by answerless questions. Harold is infatuated with death until he meets a good role model in Maude, an eighty year old woman that is obsessed with life and its avails. However, Maude does not answer all of Harold’s questions but she leads him to realize that there is a light at the end of everyone’s tunnel if you pursue it to utmost extremes by being whatever you want to be. Nevertheless, they are a highly unlikely match but they obviously help each other in many ways in the film. Maude introduces Harold to the circle of life and liberates him from the self-imposed prison and loveless life he has endured since he was born. Harold was born an only child who was raised by a single mom. His mom seeks control of all aspects of his life and she shows virtually no affection to him at all. She wants him to fit in with society and abide by the common norms in society. She gives him no chance to think for himself as she speaks for him all the time (filling out the dating form, talking for him when his dates came to visit him). She serves as a static nuisance to remind Harold of his past more than anything els...

Resources in market and command economies Essay

In a market economy, decisions on how resources are to be allocated are usually taken by millions of households and thousands of firms the exact number depends on the size of the economy. They interact as buyers and sellers in the market for goods and services. The government has a very restricted part to play. However, in a Command economy the government has a central role in all decisions that are made and unlike the market economy, the emphasis is on centralization. Decision making is taken by central planning boards and organizations to enterprises that are state-owned or under state regulation and control. Whereas in a market economy consumer sovereignty influences resource allocation, in a command economy it is central planners who have to determine the collective preferences of consumers and manufacturing enterprises. In a market economy, prices and the operation of the price system underpin this interaction; in turn prices act to indicate the likely market value or particular resources. For example, a commodity in short supply but which has a high demand attached to it will have a high price. Alternatively, one which has a high supply and low demand will have a much lower price attached to it. Prices and the self-interest of people and businesses therefore act as a guide to the decisions that have to be taken. The self interest which drives suppliers to allocate resources is called the invisible hand. This invisible hand brings together private and social interests in a harmonious way: this is the fundamental philosophy underpinning the workings of the market economy. Central planning tends to set numerous goals for the economy that differ from those in a market economy. In a command economy, the scarce resource of human labour in employment is generally greater in proportion when compared to humans employed in market economies. This is because central planning institutions opt for the even distribution of wealth. This is in high contrast to the phenomenon of self-interest of suppliers in a market economy.

Impulsive Buying Essay

Impulsive consumer behavior is widely recognized nowadays. Impulse buying accounts for almost 80% of purchases in some product categories and shopping is a major leisure and lifestyle activity in many countries (Kacen & Lee 2002). Impulsive buying generates over $4 billion of annual sales in the United States. Impulsive consumer buying behavior is regarded as a hedonically complex purchase behavior in which the thoughtful, deliberate consideration of all information and choice alternatives is precluded. It has been suggested that purchases of new products result more and more from impulsive buying rather than planned purchases. Furthermore, the globalization in the expression of technologies, telemarketing and the internet increases the consumer impulsive buying opportunities. Impulse buying is a pervasive and distinctive aspect of the consumer’s lifestyle and is also a focal point for considerable marketing management activity. A study conducted some decades ago found that between 27 and 62 percent of consumer’s department store purchases fell into the impulse category. Also the century we live in and the marketing innovations such as credit cards, ‘instant credit’, 24-hour retailing, telemarketing and online shopping make it now easier than ever for the consumers to purchase things on impulse. The attempts by researchers to find a clear definition of a phenomenon that cannot be solely described as unplanned behavior and the opportunity to examine the factors that intervene in its expression was the motivation for this thesis. Furthermore, the history of associating impulsiveness with human weakness and the psychologists and economists’ focus on the ‘irrational’ aspects of such behavior sparks the interest into the topic and uncovers the potential for further research in the field. It is also interesting that the factors that are linked to impulsive buying are also likely to be influenced by culture. Theoretical Framework The understanding of the concept was greatly improved by Stern (1962). Pure impulse purchasing occurs when consumers experience truly impulsive buying, the novelty or escape purchase which breaks a normal buying pattern. His conceptualization was based on the premise that impulsive buying can be pure, planned, reminder and suggestion, and is linked to consumer’s exposure to stimulus. Kollat and Willet (1969) interchangeably used â€Å"unplanned† and â€Å"impulsive† purchasing. Rook and Hoch (1985) focused attention on the cognitive and emotional aspect of consumer’s involvement in impulsive purchasing. The construction of the phenomenon’s definition was resting on consumers’ descriptions of thoughts and emotions experienced during impulse purchasing situations. They came up with 5 distinctive elements that draw the difference between impulsive and planned purchases: (1) feeling a â€Å"sudden and spontaneous desire to act†; (2) being in a â€Å"state of psychological disequilibrium†; (3) experiencing a â€Å"psychological conflict and struggle†; (4) reducing â€Å"cognitive evaluation†; (5) consuming â€Å"without regard for the consequences†. Summarizing the five dimensions, Rook (1987) identified impulsive purchasing as a â€Å"sudden, often powerful and persistent urge to buy something immediately. It is a hedonically complex and emotionally conflicting behavior which is prone to occur with diminished regard for its consequences.† As it can be seen, a shift in the elements comprising the definitions can be observed. Piron (1991) offers a new definition as an answer to his critique of the previous attempt for definition: impulse purchasing is (1) unplanned, (2) the result of an exposure to a stimulus, (3) decided â€Å"on the spot†. Kacen and Lee (2002) define the concept as â€Å"unplanned purchase† that is characterized by (1) relatively rapid decision-making, and (2) a subjective bias in favor of immediate possession. They further contributed with their work by investigating how cultural factors affect impulsive buying which gains better insights about understanding the phenomenon. The authors’ research makes a contribution in recognizing that understanding impulse buying solely on a Western point of view is incomplete. The Western-individualist emphasis on the self, individual needs and desires, and hedonistic pleasures encourages impulsive buying behavior. The Eastern-collectivist notions of the self, the interdependence, emotional control, emphasis on group needs and desires would discourage impulsive buying. Emotions Emotions being the main driver of impulsive buying behavior have been the subject of debates in terms of terminology. Scientists use the term affect as a general category that encompasses emotions, moods and attitudes. The mental state of readiness that arises from cognitive appraisals of events or thoughts is what characterizes emotions. The line between emotions and mood is difficult to be drawn. It is often said that mood is longer lasting and lower in intensity than an emotion. Other researches add to this that emotions are typically intentional while mood is generally non-intentional and global. Attitudes are often considered instances of affect. Some authors define them as evaluative judgments rather than emotional states. Others make no distinction between evaluative judgments and affect. Still others propose that attitudes have two components: cognitive and affective dimensions. To sum up, the terms emotions, affect, attitudes, moods are all used inconsistently in the literat ure. Rather than focusing on exploring the definitions of impulsive buying behavior, the contribution of this thesis will be to examine the emotional arousal behind the phenomenon and factors moderating people’s inclination to such a type of behavior. This will include interpersonal influence and the presence or lack of self-control. Early research concluded that susceptibility to interpersonal influence is a general trait that varies across persons and occurrences. Further, susceptibility to influence by others is related to personal characteristics. Cox and Bauer (1964) pointed out that people with low self-esteem comply with others’ suggestions in order to avoid social disapproval. Berkowitz & Lundy (1957) also found out that persons who score low in interpersonal confidence ratings are most susceptible to peer influence. Problem statement and research goal Previous research has numerous attempts for giving a clear definition of impulsive buying but somehow the definitions capture different aspects of the phenomenon and fail to address a complete and exact definition. Much of the work on impulsive buying inherently implies negative attributes to the concept. However, once consumers buy products for fun, fantasy, social or emotional gratification, impulsive buying may be viewed as a valued pastime rather than a simple acquisition of goods (Hausman, 2000). Researchers have shown that many factors influence impulsive buying such as consumer’s mood, trait buying impulsiveness, demographic factors, and culture. This study aims at discussing emotions, interpersonal influence and self-control as factors expected t have a substantial influence on consumer’s impulsive purchases. Feelings do predict behavior. So if you are feeling hurt, threatened or bored, what are you likely to do? What about if you are happy or interested? Would you go to the movies, go out with friends or go shopping? What about buying things not intended? To assess how well people control their impulses, regulate emotions, manage performances, maintain self-discipline, and break out of bad habits, is a difficult task. The consumption experience is replete with emotion, often of a high degree of intensity. What has been overlooked is the social aspect of emotions, while most of the research done is concerned with the individual conceptualization of emotions. Emotions are not simply internal events but are communicative acts and are also addressed in the consumption environment of an individual (Parkinson 1996, Bearden 1989). A matter of discussion is how the emotional state of an individual influences his impulsive buying behavior. Whether positive or negative emotions, the two extremes of the emotional state, have a stronger effect has been a matter of debate for a long time among researchers and is still argued. Furthermore, does shopping with others have an impact on impulsive purchases (Luo 2005)? If emotions are social and are expressed in a stronger way when being with a friend or family member, then it can be expected that the tendency to indulge in impulsive purchases will increase. However, another factor also plays a major role in the buyer behavior – self-control. Every individual has a different ability for self-control and self-control failure may be the reason for impulsive purchasing. Can we control our behavior and emotions when we are depressed or when we are happy? Will the presence or lack of self-control evolve into impulsive purchases? The main problem investigated is: * How does the emotional state (positive VS negative emotions) influence impulsive buying behavior? Statement of the Hypothesis H1: More positive emotional state (strong positive emotions and weak negative emotions) can lead to higher impulsive buying behavior. Since emotional experience is taken to be mainly private, emotion communication is seen to depend on prior account on individual emotions. Often, a person’s relationships with others are a central concern of emotions. Given the obvious importance of interpersonal relations that cause emotions, it might seem surprising that psychological research has focused mainly on non-social manipulations in which a single individual is presented with his/her emotional range. Many of the things that get people emotional about relate to other people (Parkinson, 1996). Emotions can feed into the ongoing interpersonal process and cause similar or contrasting emotions in others. H2: The presence of others at the time of purchase has a positive effect on impulsive buying behavior. Shoppers could be often heard to say â€Å"I really shouldn’t†. The prices are high, the budget is tight, and an item is not desperately needed so it seems that a reasonable behavior for the buyer would be not to purchase the item. But there come the alliance of wants, impulses and emotions that all serve to convince the shopper that the item will bring happiness, at least for a while. Thus, the decision in this situation is dependable on the conflict between strengths of self-control and desire. Self-control refers to the self’s capacity to alter its own states and responses (Baumeister, 2002). The ability to maintain self-control and successfully implement long-run decisions depends on the relative strength of the opposing forces of desire and willpower. In psychoanalytic theory, the conflict of desire and willpower is presented as a fluctuation between primary process thinking which is impulse driven, irrational and seeks immediate gratification at any cost, and secondary process thinking which is patient, logical and has the will to postpone gratification for future long-run goals (Loewenstein & Hoch, 1991). State of the Art Related Literature For over fifty years, consumer researchers have strived to form a better definition of impulse buying. Early studies on impulse buying stemmed from managerial and retailer interests. Research in this vein placed its emphasis on the taxonomic approach to classifying products into impulse and non-impulse items in order to facilitate marketing strategies such as point-of-purchase advertising, merchandising, or in-store promotions. This approach is limited by a definitional myopia, which simply equates impulse buying to unplanned purchasing (Bellenger, Robertson, and Hirschman 1978; Kollat and Willet 1967; Stern 1962). Impulse buying generates over $4 billion in annual sales volume in the United States. With the growth of e-commerce and television shopping channels, consumers have easy access to impulse purchasing opportunities, but little is known about this sudden, compelling, hedonically complex purchasing behavior in non-Western cultures. Yet cultural factors moderate many aspects of consumer’s impulsive buying behavior, including self-identity, normative influences, the suppression of emotion, and the postponement of instant gratification. From a multi-country survey of consumers in Australia, United States, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Malaysia, our analyses show that both regional level factors (individualism–collectivism) and individual cultural difference factors (independent –interdependent self-concept) systematically influence impulsive purchasing behavior. (Julie Anne Lee, Department of Marketing, University of Hawaii–Manoa) According to Jacqueline J. Kacen, Department of Business Administration, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Impulsive consumer buying behavior is a widely recognized phenomenon in the United States.It accountsfor up to 80% of all purchases in certain product categories (Abrahams, 1997;Smith, 1996), and it has been suggested that purchases of new products result more from impulse purchasing than from prior planning (Sfiligoj, 1996). A 1997 study found that an estimated $4.2 billion annual store volume was generated by impulse sales of items such as candy and magazines (Mogelonsky, 1998). Paco Underhill, author of Why We Buy: The Science of Shopping (1999), affirms that many purchases are being made on the premises of stores themselves as customers give in to their impulses. Furthermore, technologies such as television shopping channels and the Internet expand consumers’ impulse purchasing opportunities, increasing both the accessibility to products and services and the ease with which impulse purchases can be made.Impulsive buying behavior is a sudden, compelling,hedonically complex purchasing behavior in which the rapidity of the impulse purchase decision process precludes thoughtful, deliberate consideration of all information and choice alternatives (Bayley & Nancorrow, 1998; Rook 1987;Thompson, Locander, & Pollio, 1990;Weinberg &Gottwald,1982). This description is largely based on interviews and surveys of Westerners.

Looks Are Deceiving Essay Example

Looks Are Deceiving Essay Example Looks Are Deceiving Essay Looks Are Deceiving Essay Marmara was one of those people that everyone despises. Everyone knows how disputing the first portion of the school twelvemonth can be for new pupils. I mean. you have to do new friends and merely acquire used to an unaccustomed environment. Well. it was non like that for Marmora! She had already become popular on the first twenty-four hours and was elected as category representative for she was intelligent and talented. She wrote two books that are published. had good expressions. a beautiful voice. oculus capturing drawings. and a one of a sort personality. and she was still in the 8th class! I was certain Miley Cyrus was incorrect when she sang that nobody’s perfect . for Marmara was the exclusion. The new miss and I made friends rapidly. She entertained us throughout the long. dull. and frequently draining school yearss. Everything she did was different. She was particular it seemed. in every manner. She would sit on the floor in the center of a lesson when the wooden chair started to ache her. spark her hair every three seconds. and ever maintain a pen and paper besides her. I invariably saw her jotting down things. and she would non detect the teacher’s razor crisp eyes tiring into her. None dared to penalize her though. because she excelled in about all the topics. In English category. she would portion her poesy with us. and whenever we had to compose essays. the instructors would pick hers as a theoretical account. Everyone would gaze at her in a most baffled mode. amazed at the ability of this prodigy. I felt that I myself was worthless compared to Maramara’s flawless beauty and cognition. It was non until the center of the school twelvemonth that something fishy started to go on. I would sometimes happen Marmara red-eyed and watery-eyed. her long. lushly brown hair concealing parts of her sorrowful face. As us adolescents live our age. happenings like this are quiet common. but from perfect Marmara. it seemed unnatural. As schoolmates would hotfoot to acquire besides her. seeking to supply her with solaces. her province would go worse- her legs would get down to shudder. and she would inquire to be left entirely. Her melancholic image was at that place in forepart of me every second of the yearss that followed ; I was awfully worried. One glooming winter twenty-four hours during deferral. I found her sitting entirely on a rusty bench. I wondered how pupils could be so loud and care-free while others were traveling through bad times. Immediately. I sat myself besides Marmara. taking it as an chance to hold a talk. I felt a spot awkward sitting at that place speechless. picking my encephalons for a manner to get down. Randomly. Marmara pulled her arm up. uncovering reasonably fresh cuts of a knife right below her left thenar. She whispered. Don’t concern. it’s merely how I relieve my hurting. you see I can’t call any longer. My eyes have dried up. I was struck dense by the daze and ran for the public toilet where I in private shed cryings. She followed shortly after ; her characteristics now cryptic and endangering like a fox. The impulse to shout and shout filled my lungs. but my lips did non portion for it seemed incorrect. I wanted to inquire her why- why she was making this to herself. but could non acquire myself to. fearing the effects. Her poesy grew sad. Marmara merely seemed like a different individual now. She had immense temper swings. You would see her laughing and joking about and so two seconds subsequently. solemn. I knew I had to make something. so I told her uncle who worked at school because he and Marmara were near. He took in the intelligence of her status calmly. and thanked me for describing it to him. However. I sensed a little alteration in his crinkled face and his normally firm voice was unsteady. I could state he was awfully disquieted. He rapidly took action and found Marmara a head-shrinker who helped her acquire out of her wont and status. I watched her carefully as she transformed back into her normal ego. assisting her along the manner. It turned out that she had some jobs at place that had affected her psychologically. I eventually realized that Marmara was merely like the remainder of us- adolescents confronting the universe and its challenges. Marmara taught me that no affair how strong. perfect. or powerful a individual may look. he or she still is a individual. There will ever be something that comes and can non be overtaken. I besides acquired that I should non ever judge people merely by their visual aspect or actions. Now I know non to acquire tricked into believing felicity is a mere smiling on the face because you neer know what internal struggles are concealing behind it. As they say looks can be lead oning.

The Top 10 Unsolved Questions in Economics

The Top 10 Unsolved Questions in Economics There are many problems in the economic world that have yet to be solved, and fortunately, Wikipedia  has compiled a list of the greatest ones to date - from what caused the Industrial Revolution to whether or not money supply is endogenous. Although great economists like Craig Newmark and members of the AEA have taken a stab at solving these tough issues, the true solution to these problems - that is to say the generally understood and accepted truth of the matter - has yet to come to light. To say a question is unsolved implies that the question potentially has a solution, in the same way 2x 4 8 has a solution. The difficulty is, most of the questions on this list are so vague that they cannot possibly have a solution. Nevertheless, here are the top ten unsolved economic problems. 1. What Caused the Industrial Revolution? Although there are many factors at play in causing the Industrial Revolution, the economic answer to this question has yet to be sussed out. However, no event has a single cause - the Civil War was not wholly caused by slavery and World War I was not wholly caused by the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand. This is a question without a solution, as events have numerous causes and determining which ones were more important than others naturally involves some subjectivity. While some might argue that a strong middle-class, mercantilism and the development of an empire, and an easily moveable and growing urban population who increasingly believed in materialism led to the Industrial Revolution in England, others might argue the countrys isolation from European continental problems or the nations common market led to this growth. 2. What Is the Proper Size and Scope of Government? This question again has no real objective answer, because people will always have differing views on the argument of efficiency versus equity in governance. Even if a population managed to fully understand the exact trade-off that was being made in each case, the size and scope of a government largely depend on its citizenrys dependence on its influence. New countries, like the United States in its early days, relied on a centralized government to maintain order and oversee rapid growth and expansion. Over time, it has had to decentralize some of its authority to the state and local levels in order to better represent its vastly diverse population. Still, some might argue the government should be larger and control more due to our reliance on it domestically and abroad. 3. What Truly Caused the Great Depression? Much like the first question, the cause of the Great Depression cant be pinpointed because so many factors were at play in the eventual crash of the United States economies in the late 1920s. However, unlike the Industrial Revolution, whose many factors also included advances outside of economy, the Great Depression was primarily caused by a catastrophic intersection of economic factors. Economists commonly believe five factors ultimately resulted in the Great Depression: the stock market crash in 1929, over 3,000 banks failing throughout the 1930s, reduction in purchasing (demand) in the market itself, American policy with Europe, and drought conditions in Americas farmland. 4. Can We Explain the Equity Premium Puzzle? In short, no we have not yet. This puzzle refers to the strange occurrence of returns on stocks being much higher than returns on government bonds over the past century, and economists are still baffled by what could truly be the cause. Some posit that either risk aversion may be at play here, or antithetically that large consumption variability accounted for the discrepancy in return capital. However, the notion that stocks are riskier than bonds isnt enough to account for this risk aversion as a means to alleviate arbitrage opportunities within a countrys economy. 5. How Is It Possible to Provide Causal Explanations Using Mathematical Economics? Because mathematical economics relies on purely logical constructions, some might wonder how an economist might use causal explanations in their theories, but this problem isnt quite that difficult to solve. Like physics, which can provide causal explanations like a projectile traveled 440 feet because it was launched at point x from angle y at velocity z, etc., mathematical economics can explain the correlation between events in a market that follow the logical functions of its core principles. 6. Is There an Equivalent of Black-Scholes for Futures Contract Pricing? The Black-Scholes formula estimates, with relative accuracy, the price of European-style options in a trading market. Its creation led to a newfound legitimacy of the operations of options in markets globally, including the Chicago Board Options Exchange, and is often used by participants of options markets to predict future returns. Although variations of this formula, including notably the Black formula, have been made in financial economic analyses, this still proves to be the most accurate prediction formula for markets around the world, so there is still yet to be an equivalent introduced to the options market. 7. What Is the Microeconomic Foundation of Inflation? If we treat money such as any other commodity in our economy and as such is subject to the same supply and demand forces, reason would suggest it would be just as susceptible to inflation as goods and services are. However, if you consider this question like one considers the question of which came first, the chicken or the egg, it may be best left as a rhetorical one. The basis, of course, is that we do treat our currency like a good or service, but where this originates doesnt truly have one answer. 8. Is the Money Supply Endogenous? Wikipedia follows up this question with a simple statement: Mainstream economics claims that it is; post-Keynesian economics claims that it is not. However, the issue isnt uniquely about endogeneity, which, strictly speaking, is a modeling assumption. If the question is properly constructed, I think this could be considered one of the key problems in economics. 9. How Does Price Formation Occur? In any given market, prices are formed by a variety of factors, and just like the question of the microeconomic foundation of inflation, theres no true answer to its origins, though one explanation posits that each seller in a market forms a price depending on probabilities within the market which in turn depends on the probabilities of other sellers, meaning that prices are determined by how these sellers interact with one another and their consumers. However, this idea that prices are determined by the markets overlooks several key factors including that some goods or service markets dont have a set market price as some markets are volatile while others are stable - all depending on the veracity of information available to buyers and sellers. 10. What Causes the Variation of Income Among Ethnic Groups? Much like the causes of the Great Depression and the Industrial Revolution, the exact cause of income disparity between ethnic groups cannot be pinpointed to a single source. Instead, a variety of factors ​are at play depending on where one is observing the data, though it mostly comes down to institutionalized prejudices within the job market, availability of resources to different ethnic and their relative economic groups, and employment opportunities in localities featuring varying degrees of ethnic population density.

Art and cinema Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Art and cinema - Essay Example llock focuses on a more personal and fanciful aspect as it creates a somewhat fictional account of the early life and influences that helped to develop Pollock in the way that he did. A heavy focus upon his alcoholism and the level of psychological trauma he suffered as a tortured genius is specifically engaged. Although this might in fact be true, the effect that such a representation has is first and foremost engaged for dramatic effect. Finally, the third film, Who the Fuck is Jackson Pollock, is an adventure film told with on the backdrop of Pollock’s life and contribution to art. Although it should not be dismissed, this particular film cannot be viewed as authoritative as Pollock is only an â€Å"aside† to the actual intrigue and primary interest of â€Å"finding lost treasure† that pervades the film. By means of comparison and contrast to one of the clips that was viewed as compared to one of the films that was viewed for this section, the two that have been chosen are â€Å"F is for Fake† and â€Å"Who the Fuck is Jackson Pollock†. The first film focuses upon the fact that the world of art forgery is a developed industry; leveraging the â€Å"artistic† abilities of master forgers who are able to adequately mimic the techniques, colors, patterns, and approach that well-known and highly sought after experts were responsible for crafting. By mean of comparison, â€Å"Who the Fuck is Jackson Pollock† depicts a much more magical interpretation of artwork as something that only Pollock could have been responsible for. The differential between these two has to do with the fact that one assumes that Pollock must be the master painter of the artwork in question; whereas the other clip maintains the fact that even some of the most convincing pieces are in fact forgeries. Henri Cartier Besson’s â€Å"Images a la Sauvette† engages the reader with the understanding that art, whether photographic or within some other genre, must not specifically be engaged in the

HIV and Pregnancy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

HIV and Pregnancy - Research Paper Example Transmission occurs through body fluids like blood, semen, cervical or vaginal discharge and breast milk (Reynolds, 2004). Vertical transmission is thereby possible during pregnancy, labor and breast-feeding period. The gravity of the problem is indicated by the statistics which tell us that 15-20% of infants born to HIV positive women not on retro-viral treatment will be infected during the last trimester of pregnancy and more so in labor. This paper deals with the methods of managing and preventing this incurable disease being transmitted from mother to child during the pregnancy period, during labor and during the infancy period and the role of nurses in this function. The HIV has an affinity for the CD4 cells or the T helper lymphocytes which are the key role players in the body immune response (Reynolds, 2004). HIV later develops into AIDS. The symptoms of the illness are actually symptoms of the opportunistic infections, associated tumors and encephalopathy. Children born to HI V positive women may carry the antibodies for one year. They cannot be considered positive till above one year of age. The Department of Health in UK recommends an HIV test for all pregnant women so nobody can claim lack of awareness of their condition (Hawkins et al, 2005). The ethics of providing treatment for infertility had previously been questioned but now centers are reviewing their policies (Hawkins et al, 2005). Vertical transmission may be facilitated during pregnancy by malnutrition, high viral load in the first trimester, reactivated herpes simplex infection, genital infections and illicit drug use (NAM, 2004). Prevention may be targeted at these focal points to reduce the vertical transmission. Malnutrition may be prevented by ensuring that pregnant women consume sufficient nutritious food, compensating for diarrhea by more potassium-containing foods, nausea by taking small frequent meals and loss of weight by nutritional supplements (Reynolds, 2004). Mouth ulcers and c andidiasis may be corrected similarly. Avoiding infection and providing timely and apt treatment would help in controlling infection. However this becomes a problem if other children are in the family. Regular blood tests like CD cell count and other tests could indicate the immune response status. Exposure to blood-borne infections like herpes simplex and cytomegalus viruses and toxoplasmosis must be noted as they could be activated again when the immunity reduces. Prophylaxis is possible by instituting anti-retroviral therapy when the CD4 count lowers from 250cells/cu.mm. Prognosis is facilitated by the three-drug HAART therapy of nevirapine, lamivudine and zidovudine (AVERT, 2002). These are avoided in the first 14 weeks as they could produce terratogenesis. Problems like drug resistance and side-effects like nausea, vomiting and diarrhea are expected. Opportunistic infections may be treated but they too produce similar side-effects and thrombocytopenia. Support may be provided t o those who use illicit drugs and wean them away. The women may be given oral zidovudine in the last 26 weeks of pregnancy and intravenous zidovudine (AZT) during labor and oral AZT syrup for the infant for the first six weeks when breastfeeding is avoided (Reynolds, 2004). Bloodless Caesarian Sections could be planned for delivery. Invasive procedures need to be avoided. A difficult labor should not be permitted to happen. The doctors and staff

Piped distribution services question 1-4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Piped distribution services question 1-4 - Essay Example Give different options. Evaluate their merits. The building in question is very tall and expansive. It shall in turn attract numerous clients. In this regard, the client and building requirements shall be effective air conditioning systems; properly installed boilers; backup power generation system; efficient and effective elevators and good refrigeration systems. The risks involved in terms of death and injuries inflicted as a result of fire breakout are huge. The project requires smoke detectors, an alarm system, a surveillance system, fire extinguishers and a medical response team. The company can choose to use the old technology that is readily available and is relatively cheap. This shall save on the costs. On the other hand, the company can also choose to employ the modern technology that is more advanced and sophisticated. This is very fast and effective for the huge building and numerous clients in question. 1.2) Evaluate alternative strategies for the provision of piped dist ribution services and fire protection and fire fighting services systems. Advise which system you consider the most suitable to the building. The company can choose to undertake the provision of all the services to the clients of the building. All the clients regardless of their social status or power receive the same services and pay the same amount to the company for these services. The company can also choose to provide all these services but in accordance to the desire and financial ability of each tenant. Every tenant upon renting a premise in the building specifies the kind of services he or she is willing to receive and able to pay for. Lastly, the company can opt not to offer any of these services. Each client upon renting a premise in the building finds his or her own means of getting these services. Of all these three strategies, the first one is the best. These services are basic. The risks involved if one tenant misses the services still affect the other clients the serv ices. It is thus important that the company offers the services for every tenant and in a common level of sophistication. 1.3) Establish design parameters, standards and legislative requirements. Give at least two approaches. Evaluate the approaches. The building shall require an A.C source of electricity. This is the main source of energy that shall power all appliances. Aluminum pipes shall be required for plumbing to deal with the high pumping pressure to the top floors. Before the commencement of the construction work, the government needs to approve of the design and location of the building. After the construction, the government shall also send inspectors to ascertain the suitability of the building for commercial use. These requirements can be viewed from the approach of cutting on costs, or the approach of cutting on accidents. In order top cut on costs, the company only has to conform to the minimum requirements of erecting the building. On the other hand, in order to cut on the risks of getting involved in accidents, the building needs sophisticated material. All the requirements should be approaching the maximum limits in the market. 1.4) Produce design specifications. Comment the different specifications. Discuss their relationship. The building needs

Benthams Utilitarianism Essay Example for Free

Benthams Utilitarianism Essay Bentham sees that man is being governed by two feelings, this is pleasure and pain. These determine that which is good and evil for man. These are also the basis of the act of man, and these-pain and pleasure would be the fundamentals of the philosophy, utilitarianism. The principle of utility is the action that approves or disapproves an action whatsoever. By the principle of utility, it aims to help man to choose which would give him benefit. The principle of utility determines that which would give man more happiness, good, and pleasure, and negate that which would give him otherwise. The perfect example of something that executes the principle of utility is the government. Since it upholds the betterment of the many, than the pleasure of the individualthis is demonstrated in law-making. Legislators are bound to the principle of utility as they legislate, while for manhe acts with Calculus of Felicity in his mind. Considering the intensity, duration, trueness and closeness of an act. But these are only applicable for a given moment of time, but if a man has to consider a succession of events he must consider fecunditywhere he thinks that a positive act would be followed followed by a positive act, and puritywhere man thinks that an act will not be followed by a negative effect, or karma. But for Bentham he asserts that this philosophy should be placed in context. The principle utilitarianism is nor always a good basis in judging the morality of an act. But the process of utilitarianism ail always be a good determiner of pleasure, profit, and advantage and also to tell which he should avert. Bentham considers that this principle maybe useless at times but he believes in the nature of man, he is innately born with pleasures of pain and this principle would always be useful to him.

An Analytical Essay on Excessive Pride in Chinua Achebes Things Fall Apart :: Things Fall Apart essays

Excessive Pride in Things Fall Apart In Chinua Achebe's novel Things Fall Apart, a well-known aphorism, "pride goes before a fall", was used. I agreed with and supported this statement. The story line itself backed up this statement as well. Through Okonkwo's hard work he became a "great man" with a sense of pride and haughtiness, who then suffered a loss of pride, which ultimately led to his down fall and his own suicide. This book went along with the commonly stated cliché. In addition to that, there was a widely known joke that went well with this. "One day there was an airplane pilot flying Bill Clinton, Bill Gates, Bill (a kid), and Billy Gram. Something went wrong with the plane, so it had to be abandoned. The airplane pilot strapped on a parachute and said to them, "there is only four parachutes but I am taking one." Bill Clinton grabbed the second one and said, "I am the most important man and my country needs me so I am taking one too." Then, Bill Gates grabbed the third one and said, "I am the smartest man in the world and my people need me." So, Bill (a kid) was just looking... at the fourth parachute and Billy Gram said to him, "I am an old man and you are young, you have your whole life ahead of you, take the last parachute." Finally, Bill (a kid) looked up at him and said, "I was not thinking about that, it's just that the smartest man in the world took my backpack." As you saw from the book and the joke, both Okonkwo, and Bill Gates were full of prejudice pride. They thought they were "great men", and saw others as inferior to them and incapable of living substantially if they were not the backbone. Okonkwo's pride grew immensely when he was an eighteen-year-old boy growing up in Umuofia. His father, Unoka was a lazy and imprudent man so Okonkwo sought to be everything his father was not. He threw Amalinze the Cat, who was a wily craftsman, and great wrestler that was unbeaten for seven years from Umuofia to Mbaino. That victory made Okonkwo known past the nine villages.

Ethical Business Dilema

Ethical Dilemma Analysis through the 8 questions model by Arthur Dobrin Case 1 – Rental Applicant 1. Facts †¢African-American applicant †¢Stable work history †¢More than enough income to cover the rent †¢Good references from their previous landlord †¢A couple with one young son (Family) †¢Before applicants accepted, rental agent should have done a background check as a standard procedure. 2. Facts we don’t know †¢Verifications of facts – conduct a cross check oWhether or not the facts provided by the applicant are true ? Income – Salary Statement ?References from landlord – Written letter/call Work History – Stable/Unstable work experience †¢Applicants behavior/habit – past rental history oWhether or not they like to break lease or skip town – leave an unpaid rent †¢The reason for postponing the application oWhat does Kate mean by saying â€Å"in my experience†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ whether i t’s actually because of her experience dealing with application or racial discrimination. 3. Facts Interpretation †¢Stable work history ? stable – whether they have work long time or not (cross-check credential) †¢A family more likely to be more settled in one place compare to single status individual. A good reference from previous landlord means that the applicant has a good record of being a good tenant. †¢Have more than enough income means that the applicant has the capability to fulfill its obligation of paying the rent. 4. Walk in another’s shoes (problem viewed from others that involved) †¢Kate might give a stereotype view of the African-American applicant 5. Consequences †¢If we don’t take them : oWe might lose a good tenant oWe might lose our business opportunity oWe might build a strict image to prospective customer †¢If we take them : oThere’s a possibility that we end up having a default rent 6. Feelings †¢Megan Perspective : â€Å"Look very good† for their application †¢Kate Perspective : â€Å"Don’t rush their application† – having negative perception †¢Our Perspective : According to our feeling and in combination with the facts given (provided it is true), plus we can also try to determine based on the intuition from the body language given by the applicant, most likely we will accept the applicant. 7. Conscience †¢Yes ? Provided the documents are true. †¢No ? Provided the documents are false. Verification whether the documents are true or false can be done by cross-checking the credential and/or validating the facts. . Explanation and Justification †¢In making decision, it should not be based on personal needs/views or simply intuition/feelings, it should also be based on neutral judgment from the facts given and validation. Given the normal standard procedure that needs to be fulfilled from the background check o f the applicant and by checking thoroughly throughout the facts, the rental agents should be able to make a decision. Case 2 – Sabotage: Menu Not serving the interest of customers fully (by pushing other menu instead). By using healthy food as a bait strategy to attract customers, according to ‘Dave’. . Facts †¢Food is healthy, but the quantity is limited. †¢Coming up with a new menu. †¢Huge expenditure on advertisement. 2. Facts we don’t know †¢Whether the food which is ‘healthy’ is actually healthy. †¢Assumption whether this strategy will last for a long time. †¢Whether or not people will buy fast food even though the menu is being pushed. 3. Facts Interpretation †¢New ‘healthy’ menu was launched by the company to response the public pressure for healthier lunch choices, thus by having new menu, many money involved to train and advertise the new menu. New menu launched priced lower to bring new customers, thus there will be an effect on the company’s profit. †¢The objective of the business is to make money for the shareholders, thus the business need to make profit. Hence, most likely agency problem would occur, which refers to the ethical dilemma between the shareholder interest and the CEO interest. †¢Dave, the store manager, wanted the staff to push the ‘upsize’ menu options and ice creams for dessert, which this refers to an issue of sabotage. 4. Walk in another’s shoes (problem viewed from others that involved) †¢According to Carol, the manager is more inclined towards his own profit. According to Dave it is fast to maximize the profit and his own commission. †¢According to customer, they might be cheated into buying unhealthy food. 5. Consequences †¢By agreeing to Dave, the profit might be higher in the short term, whereas by going against Dave, the company might lose out on the profit. But by keeping the reputatio n of the company, it will help in the long-term profitability. †¢She might lose her own position if she does not agree to Dave plan. †¢But if she doesn’t want to lose her job, then most likely she will have her personal issue. 6. Feelings If she agrees to Dave, she will be safe, but if she goes against him, she might lose her job. (personal dilemmas) 7. Conscience †¢In order to save the job, Carol might let her inner conscience take the back seat, because this is cognitive resonance within herself. Her decision will be based on how she feels, whether it is good or bad. 8. Explanation and Justification †¢If ‘yes’, she can say that her boss asked her to do so. †¢If she says ‘no’, she can say her inner conscience didn’t allow her and in the long run, it won’t be beneficial to the consumer and the company.

God’s Intervention in the world Essay

Explain what is meant by the bible describing God as a miracle worker? Miracles have been reported all over the world for thousands of years. In most scenarios miracles are related to God, and the activity of God within the world suggesting God’s imminence. The world miracle originates from the word â€Å"miraculum† meaning a thing of wonder. It is an interruption to the processes of nature that cannot be explained by natural laws and therefore a transgression. An interruption such as this normally bears some deeper and usually religious significance. The bible recites many ideas of miracles by either God or though Jesus. Within the old testament the story of Joshua and the Israelites. This story explains how he took his army to defend a place called Gibeon and that God was on the side of Joshua and helps them defeat the enemies of Gibeon. God does this by the interruption of natural laws such as pro longing the days, and throwing down a storm of hail. Other texts within the bible suggest miracles performed by God. For example during the story of Moses where he parts the reed sea in order for the Israelites to escape from the Egyptians. Another way miracles are shown within the bible is through Jesus. This is shown in such miracles as the feeding of 5000 and healing of the paralysed man Jesus was told to even bring people back to life. The bible uses these miracles to show Gods immanence within the world and his the relationship between God and humanity. â€Å"miracles make it difficult to believe in a reliable god† The idea of miracles is that they defy the laws of nature. That God Is transcendent but shows his power and goodness by interacting within the world as a miracle worker. For many who have experienced miracles they see it as an experience with God, for an example the theopany between God and Moses. However many issues are raised by the idea of God interfering in the lives of others. Firstly, some people see miracles as being morally unfair. They would say that if God was all good why would he interfere in the lives of some and not others. Why would a good God chose to help certain people and leave others to suffer. For example God helped the Jews many times within the bible whether it be in the story of Moses, Joshua or the feeding of 5000. However let them suffer through persecution so badly during the holocaust of world war two. Not only this but through the stories of Joshua and Moses God is choosing to help some people, in this case the Israelites but not the Egyptians or the enemies of Gibeon if God is the creator of everything in order to be morally correct God should be fair and just. Furthermore in some accounts of miracles from the bible God chooses to help a single person, how would God chose who to help and who to stay in suffering if God was just and fair. A miracle itself therefore contradicts Gods omnibenevolence. Miracles also make God uncertain. According to religious believers God is the creator of everything â€Å"creation ex nihilo† and yet for a miracle to exist God must work against his own creation to create a miracle. This questions God’s immanence as it goes against the idea that God is omniscient and never changing. By producing miracles the original laws created by God are uncertain and changeable. Why would a God that is all God and powerful need to work against his own creation there should be no need for miracles. â€Å"God looked as his work and saw it was good.† How could God be the creator of the earth and want to change how it works?Maurice wiles would agree with this arguing that God couldn’t intervene on an individual level without undermining his whole creation. And that a good who could reject some suffering whilst choosing to help others it not worthy of worship. Although many follow this argument there are those who would say there does not need to be a choice between natural law and miracles, that they can co exist within the same world. That science can only develop by accepting new ideas of which miracles could be one. Also that miracles can have the same sorts of evidence as that of science, accounts by people, memories or physical traces left behind. David Hume is another philosopher who rejects that a reliable God cannot be a God of miracles. He suggests that miracles have nothing to do with God and that those talk of experiencing miraculous events are â€Å"barbarous† â€Å"ignorant† and â€Å"gullible† By this he means that the idea of God creating miracle is simply an excuse for those who cannot understand the true and natural reason for the occurrence. On the other hand there are those who would argue with the ideas of Hume and others sharing that opinion. They would say that although it is questionable as to whether miracles exist and are caused by God there is and equal lack of evidence to deny the occurrence of miracles. Equally that for a religious person it is not to question how God interacts within the world, just to have faith and accept that God is omnipotent, omni benevolent etc and that God must perform these miracles for a reason that is beyond the understanding of humans but is for a good cause.

Strategic Management and Leadership Skills

Strategic Management and Leadership Skills Introduction This report presents the relationship between strategic management and leadership skills. The report shows strategic management and leadership skills of Robert Eckert, the CEO of Mattel. Eckert demonstrated effective strategic management strategies and leadership skills when Mattel was a troubled company that had lost its focus. This was also the period of the biggest recall of toys in the history of the company.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Strategic Management and Leadership Skills specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Understand the relationship between strategic management and leadership In order to comprehend the link between strategic management and strategic leadership, one must appreciate that these two concepts are requisite for the success of an organisation. Strategic management entails evaluation of the current external situations of the sector in which an entity operates and the firms itself. Analysis of the organisation is an internal process, but both internal and external analyses should provide the foundation for keeping the most favourable management practices (Kakabadse, Jackson and Fandale, 2002). In this case, strategic management aims to achieve the best positioning of organisational policies and strategic objectives. Strategic management aims to assert organisational objectives, develop policies and plans for realising these objectives. This process requires adequate allocation of resources in order to realise the desired goals. As the case of Mattel shows, strategic management is the highest level of managerial role. In this case, the CEO (Robert Eckert) and other senior executives took control of the situation. Strategic management and leadership of the CEO provided the overall direction for Mattel. Strategic management involves aligning organisational situation or strategic advantages with the business objectives and the prevailing operational conditions. T he fundamental aim of organisational strategy is to put an organisation in a situation that can allow it to execute its mission well and effectively. An effective organisational strategy should account for a firm’s policies, mission, vision, objectives, and the overall tactics for realising core values of a firm. Chaffee identified key elements that he concluded were fundamental for the concept of strategic management (Chaffee, 1985). First, executives must adapt an entity to the prevailing condition in the industry. Second, strategic management requires change and restructuring. This is a complex process, which must eliminate unstructured functions in the organisation. Third, strategic management influences the whole organisation by providing a new sense of direction.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is imperative when an entity has lost its focus. Fou rth, the process of strategic management also involves formulation and implementation of new strategic directions for an organisation. Fifth, strategic management involves analysis and restructuring of both corporate and specific business strategies. These are analytical and conceptual processes, which require adequate understanding by the top executives of an organisation. On the other hand, strategic leadership is a carefully orchestrated use of favourable tactics to communicate corporate goals of a firm to employees. Hence, strategic leadership must manage, motivate, and influence employees to focus on organisational vision. In this case, the whole team becomes an imperative tool for implementing the required changes in order to achieve the new strategic aims. Strategic leadership should respond to challenges that an organisation faces by providing a vision and strategic direction for recovery, growth, and success. Clearly, this is what Robert Eckert did as a new CEO of Mattel. C hanges at Mattel required leadership skills and necessary resources for formulation and execution. Managing changes in troubled organisations need strategic leadership, which can provide a sense of â€Å"direction, create ownership, and motivate employees to support the necessary strategic changes† (Chaffee, 1985). Strategic leadership requires effective strategies when handling employees. Usually, most leaders use the strategy of motivating workers in order to raise their morale. This would allow employees to take the initiative of improving the current condition of an organisation. Strategic management must encourage employees to perform best for the future success of an organisation. Just like Robert Eckert, strategic leaders have visions for the future by focusing and understanding current situations of their organisations. This allows such leaders to prepare for both current and future challenges they may face. Understanding the current situations and creating awareness for the future is a critical part of strategic leadership. These strategies require well-formulated action plans. Strategic leaders always show the ability to adapt and initiate growth strategies for an organisation. They facilitate communications and take initiatives and responsibilities to ensure that the organisation achieves the best performance possible. Strategic leadership focuses on productivity of an organisation with the aim of encouraging quality and amount of work from employees. Strategic leaders focus on the best interest of their organisations rather than their interests. They also recognise contributions from other employees.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Strategic Management and Leadership Skills specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Such leaders motivate employees to perform best in order to realise organisational goals (Pedler, Burgoyne and Boydell, 2004). In this sense, employees can anticipate and understand their overall contributions to strategic objectives of the company. At the same time, strategic leaders motivate employees through incentives and promotions to allow them to perform well for the sake of the organisation. Strategic leaders review their situations before undertaking any critical decisions in the organisation. This shows that careful planning before initiating any changes in the organisation are fundamental components of strategic leadership. Strategic leadership requires that leaders use effective strategies in any critical decision-making processes. This ensures strategic management practices, which result in success of an organisation. Strategic leaders must work in unique situations, which require management of performance in order to improve the situation of their organisations. One can easily notice the effectiveness of strategic leadership in situations, which are volatile, uncertain, complex, and ambiguous. Overall, strategic management focuses on p romoting organisational strategic objectives, formulating, implementing policies, and allocating resources to realise these objectives. In this regard, strategic leadership plays a strategic role of motivating, managing, and encouraging employees to facilitate the realisation of organisational strategic objectives. The Mattel case study: the link between strategic management and leadership Leadership provides a link between strategic management and the realisation of strategic objectives of an organisation. Organisations can only realise their strategic objectives through effective leadership. On the other hand, strategic management must make use of the available resources in order to achieve desired goals. In this regard, leadership must provide direction for the organisation. The case of Mattel under Robert Eckert demonstrates how effective leadership and strategic management can transform an organisation successfully. Robert Eckert shows that strategic management and effective le adership are fundamental concepts, which work together for transformational purposes. Leadership must establish â€Å"strategic goals and the vision of an organisation and provide a future direction for growth† (Kouzes and Posner, 2008).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, Eckert was able to improve Mattel’s turnaround. The CEO strategic decisions resulted in selling of the Learning Company. Eckert managed to reduce costs and improve revenues. He managed to improve Mattel’s market share in the US and overseas. As a result, investors, the board, customers, and other stockholders were happy with the company’s progress. In addition, the Wall Street also took note of the company. Eckert noted that all 30,000 employees of Mattel had an improved sense of dedication to the company’s mission. Overall, strategic management at Mattel involved identification of the company’s objectives, formulating policies, action plans, allocating resources, and executing these plans in order to realise the company’s strategic objectives. Strategic leadership normally manages, motivates, and encourages employees to spearhead the company’s mission in order to realise the desired changes. Strategic leadership brings about changes in an organisation. The turnaround of Mattel: the impact of management and leadership styles on strategic decisions Robert Eckert was able to transform the fortune of Mattel from a company that had lost its focus to a successful one because of effective leadership styles and strategic management approaches. Decisions, which Eckert made to transform the company, were unique and aimed at improving employees’ morale and productivity. These decisions had fundamental impacts in the entire organisation because of effective communications with all employees. The CEO had to make strategic decisions by reviewing the current situation internal, external environments, and employees’ morale. When the leadership of an organisation fails to initiate strategic plans and execute them, then the organisation will fail to realise its strategic objectives. This suggests that leadership is a critical aspect in formulating strategies and action plans for changes in an organisa tion. Eckert was able to make strategic management decisions that affected the whole organisation. As a result, there was almost no resistance, and employees were able to improve on morale and productivity. How Robert Eckert’s leadership style had to be adapted between his original re-structure of Mattel and the 2007 Product recall scandal The concept of strategic management and leadership relies on some theoretical approaches for credibility. For instance, leaders normally base their decisions on resource-based views in which they strive to utilise resources and capabilities available within the company to create competitive advantage. There is also a stakeholder approach when executives relate with their organisations. Robert Eckert declared that he did not put his interest first, but that of Mattel. Restructuring requires leaders to make strategic decisions by establishing priorities on what an organisation should achieve in the future (Adair, 2009a). The leadership must f ormulate these strategies and implement them. Strategic management involves creating priorities for the organisation. Eckert had to focus on what Mattel had to do in order to turnaround itself. Effective leadership is important in making such decisions. Leadership has to unite the organisation in order to realise organisational goals. Eckert was able to handle the recall scandal of 2007 effectively because of his leadership abilities. The CEO managed to communicate effectively with all stakeholders across the global. The process of recall communication was transparent. The CEO and other executives held regular meetings in order to communicate and coordinate the recall strategy. Hence, every senior executive knew about the unfolding scenario at the company about the recall. Executives also held employees’ meetings for updates. Employees at Mattel observed that the recall was successful, and the company was able to recover quickly because the CEO was a part of the process. In o ther words, changes started from the top, which allowed other employees to embrace them. This ensured that the company managed change processes effectively. Robert Eckert displays some leadership styles in the case of Mattel’s product recall. First, the CEO uses a visionary leadership style. Eckert used this strategy because he knew that the company needed a new direction because of poor performance and product recall. As a result, the CEO focused on employees so that he could motivate them to focus on the new set of objectives for the company. According to Daniel Goleman and his colleagues, â€Å"Visionary leaders articulate where a group is going, but not how it will get there – setting people free to innovate, experiment, and take calculated risks† (Goleman, Boyatzis McKee, 2004). Mattel CEO also displayed affiliative leadership style. This type of leaderhsip style emphasises the importance of â€Å"teamwork and it creates harmony in a group by connecting p eople to each other† (Goleman, Boyatzis McKee, 2004). These authors argue that affiliative leadership style is critical â€Å"when trying to heighten team harmony, increase morale, improve communication or repair broken trust in an organisation† (Goleman, Boyatzis McKee, 2004). However, the CEO was careful not to rely on this strategy alone because it could make poor performance within the organisation to go unnoticed. Finally, Eckert also used democratic leadership style. He relied on knowledge and skills of his employees in order to develop a group commitment and improve morale in order to focus on a new direction. The method was appropriate for the company because employees did not know the next course of action after poor performances and product recall. Hence, the CEO relied on the collective wisdom of Mattel employees by consulting widely. Leadership experts warn that democratic leadership may not be appropriate during a crisis, particularly when a management te am needs to make urgent and quick decisions (Goleman, Boyatzis McKee, 2004). Nevertheless, Eckert used it successfully during the product recall. Application of management and leadership theory to support organisational direction Leadership theories and strategic management concepts have enabled CEOs and other senior executives to facilitate change and improve organisational processes. As a result, managers have learned to lead and make strategic decisions by following established standards based on theoretical concepts of organisational behaviours (Mullins, 2010). Such senior executives renew the ownership of the company’s mission, set strategic management objectives, and motivate their employees to work for the future of the organisation. Usually, successful managers know how to plan and review organisational change processes carefully. Unplanned changes disrupt operational processes of an organisation. This can lead to resistance from employees (Kouzes and Posner, 2008). Effective change management requires leadership and constant communication. For instance, Eckert had to adopt a radical transformational approach in order to save the company from the recall scandal, motivate employees, improve revenue growth, and restore stakeholders’ confidence in the company. Effective leaders rely on different leadership strategies in order to achieve the desired change in an organisation. In the case of Mattel, one can observe different leadership strategies that Eckert used. These included transformational, learning, and rational approaches. A review of the impact of the selected theories of management and leadership on Mattel’s organisational strategy Robert Eckert recognised the situation of Mattel by conducting thorough studies and analyses. Hence, Eckert knew that he had to transform the company. This led to the application of transformational leadership strategy. The transformational leadership strategy requires leaders to create and inspire organisational vision and develop a clear set of objectives for the organisation, which create importance to employees within the entire organisation. Chaffee noted that most efforts of transformational leaders concentrate on transcending self-interests among employees in order to change their morale and pursue the realisation of organisational objectives (Chaffee, 1985). Scholars note that the role of management in the transformational process is to â€Å"motivate and inspire organisational members toward organisational goal attainment† (Barbuto, Jr, 2002). The transformational leadership style focuses on bringing employees together in order to achieve a common goal, develop, and maintain strategies for implementing the shared values and organisational vision. The transformational leadership style works because the strategy making process includes self-devotion of the leader, who encourages employees to adopt common organisational values and work toward common goals. Eckert was able to transform Mattel by adopting the transformational leadership style. As a result, the company started to generate revenues, staff morale increased, stakeholders renewed their commitment and confidence in the company, and decrease costs. Eckert also relied on a learning approach as a leadership strategy to manage Mattel during its troubled periods. Barbuto noted that the learning approach to strategy making involves â€Å"continual learning and with heavy reliance on flexibility and adaptation rather than on a predetermined and specifically outlined plan of action† (Barbuto Jr, 2002). Decision-making processes and strategy implementation rely on rationality and uncertainties that exist now. Formulation of organisational strategies needs constant dialogue and communication within the entire organisation. This process must also include other external stakeholders like customers, regulators, analysts, and investors. In this process, the CEO and other senior executives must engage in on-going communication as they strive to comprehend and improve the needs of the organisation and stakeholders. The learning strategy in decision-making was evident when Robert Eckert joined Mattel. Eckert recognised that he had no background in the toy industry because he was just a ‘food guy’. As a result, Eckert embarked on constant learning. He identified three areas that need immediate attention, which included building brands, cutting costs, and developing people. Generally, Eckert found it necessary to focus on employees first by relying on emotional intelligence strategies to boost employees’ morale. The new CEO also built a relationship based on trust. He started by ‘setting the table’ i.e., developing an atmosphere of honesty by engaging in healthy dialogues and constant consultations with others in order to establish common goals for the company. Senior executives must recognise that the learning approach in making strategi c management decisions targets employees’ commitment, focuses on customers, company processes, and constant learning and improvement within the organisation. The learning approach in strategic management focuses on improving strategies in order to achieve the desired changes in an organisation. Eckert dedicated great energy to learn the company’s processes and drive the organisational strategic goals. On-going communication with all stakeholders has been effective in facilitating learning within firms. Eckert was able to learn and discover new strategies for Mattel while on the job. There is also the rational model of strategic management, which concentrates on a systematic analysis and evaluation of all potential strategies that an organisation can pursue in order to improve its processes. The rational approach in strategic management and leadership focuses on evaluation of factors outside the firm, a company’s portfolio, and circumstances within the industry. These analyses help senior executives to understand and define strategies for future development (Barbuto, Jr, 2002). This strategy results in a detailed action plan, several alternatives, and a plan for effective use of available resources. The rational approach works in a similar manner like a resource-based approach that is critical for creating competitive advantage in an organisation. Eckert assessed Mattel’s situation and the industry environment. As a CEO, Eckert had the chief role of understanding Mattel through rational strategies by including employees’ inputs in the process of changing the company. A leadership strategy that supports Mattel’s organisational direction An appropriate leadership strategy for Mattel must recognise its vision of Creating the Future of Play and reinforce the four values of Mattel. In addition, it must complement recognised efforts of Alan Kaye in reducing risks, eliminating challenges from silos, fiefdoms, enhancing coordin ation of policies, communication, and aligning organisational policies and practices with the strategic goals of the CEO. This would result in increased employee engagement, loyalty, and productivity. The overall outcome for the company would be productivity. Still, the future leadership strategy must focus on the company’s global issues, develop, and implement an action plan for improvement. The future leadership strategy for the company must emphasise the role of the management in making strategic management decisions and providing effective leadership, emphasising the company’s mission, and the new direction. Mattel’s new leadership strategies will emphasise the following key drivers of leadership strategies (Pasmore, 2013). Leadership for global growth The future leadership will recognise cultural sensitivity, particularly when dealing with any challenges with the Chinese suppliers. This applies to its global clients too. The strategy will enhance increase d representations of different leadership skills from diverse geographies and build strong cross-cultural relationships. The CEO noted that leaders in other parts of the globe cooperated during the recall scandal. He should strengthen foreign assignments with the Chinese manufacturers and formulate effective strategies in their business arrangements. Leadership for innovation Innovation should drive future leadership strategies of Mattel. The company requires improved interdependence among its executives in order to develop effective collaboration so that it can introduce new, safe toys to the market. At the same time, the company requires increased leadership involvement in various operations and market activities. Mattel must also focus on developing new products and talent implications in order to cater for its growing product portfolio. The company must focus on risk aversion and communication strategies among its senior executives. Leadership focused on customers Mattelâ₠¬â„¢s customers are children across the globe. The company must develop and enact new strategies for understanding children’s experiences with their toys and translate such experiences into best business practices. The company leadership should focus on enhancing positive customer experiences. There is also a need for the company to understand various views from diverse customer bases. The company must emphasise the importance of customer primacy and care globally. Focus on high growth opportunities Mattel will continue to grow. Therefore, the company should focus on talent development in order to avoid potential leadership strains in the future. It is necessary for leadership strategies to focus on leadership growth at various departments of the company. Leadership for enhancing operating efficiency The company leadership should focus on â€Å"lean manufacturing, use Six-Sigma and other methods to bring costs down in to remain profitable and efficient† (Pasmore, 2 013). Senior executives must lead such efforts and allow managers to support such strategies at all levels of the business. This should be a continuous process by all leaders. Assessment of leadership requirements in Mattel Assessment of leadership requirements is a process that can assist Mattel to identify and illustrate employees’ unique characteristics when placed in a given leadership position. Employees have different characteristics and abilities in various roles. The process must account for the candidates’ characteristics with reference to a certain management position now or in the future (Adair, 2009b). It would help the company in making effective selection and placement of employees at the right leadership positions. The aim of leadership assessment is to ensure that Mattel’s employees utilise their potential effectively and improve effectiveness of the company in strategic management and decision-making abilities. In addition, the assessment shall provide a way of measuring several leadership competencies within the company. Mattel could adopt a hybrid system that would provide relative ease and flexibility in order to meet its specific leadership requirements. Use appropriate methods to review current leadership requirements of Mattel The strategic analysis approach will assess strategic thinking abilities of potential leaders (Grint, 2004). They must demonstrate vision and other supporting competencies. In this assessment, the company would ensure that its future leaders evaluate and analyse the presented data and develop the best course of action in order to tackle strategic planning challenges that would affect the company. Another assessment method would be management problems. In this approach, the assessment must evaluate rapid response abilities and high visibility required in a modern organisation. The process must account for decisiveness, flexibility, analytical skills, and other related skills of potential leaders when facing management crisis. Individual exercise method shall evaluate problem-solving techniques of employees. The process must also identify interpersonal skills, flexibility, decision-making abilities, effectiveness in communications, and other competencies that a person should display while in a leadership position. The candidate should display analytical abilities, review materials, and decided on the best course of action for a given situation. Finally, the group exercise method will evaluate interpersonal skills, team building abilities, conflict management, and communication abilities. Employees can work as a team when solving a problem within a specified period (Charan, Drotter and Noel, 2001). A Plan for the development of future situations requiring leadership In the future, the company would likely to become more customer focused than today. Mattel would need leadership skills that can allow it to focus on developing and implementing new strategies for comprehending c ustomer experiences and transforming them into enhanced business strategies and practices. The company will need to establish effective and solid relations within all areas of customer touch points with the aim of creating seamless experiences for customers. Mattel will establish the need to understand specific needs of various customers. Thus, it must move beyond a general solution for all customers. The company must facilitate a culture of customer care and customer primacy. Mattel will expand to other markets globally. This would demand for a greater cultural awareness and sensitivity among its leaders (Kristensen, 2001). At the same time, the company will need to improve on representation of diverse cultures and geographies at the management levels. Managers will also require different skills in languages and communication abilities. These leadership skills would facilitate the development of cross-cultural relations. At the same time, there would be increased international acti vities for senior executives. Mattel senior leaders would require practical knowledge in different local laws and business practices in different countries across the world (Guthridge and Komm, 2008; Lipman-Blumen, 2000). The company will also require leadership skills to facilitate innovation. Leaders shall need a great interdependence to enhance functional collaboration and teamwork with the aim of creating new products for the market. This would require increased leadership participation in different roles such as collecting user insights and applying them in developing new products for profitability. Future leaders will have to anticipate talent, capital, and innovative requirements for the fast growing consumer markets. In addition, leaders will have to overcome cultural barriers and embrace changes to enhance innovation (Sinclair, 2004). Mattel shall also enhance operational efficiency in the future. The company must adopt cost reduction strategies, lean manufacturing approach es, and Six Sigma for control critical aspects of production. Leaders must support these initiatives and lead by performance. Moreover, they must establish a culture of continued improvement, which senior executives must spearhead in all departments (Senge, 1990). Ability to plan the development of leadership skills The most important aspect of being able to plan strategies for developing new leadership skills for the future involves reviewing and understanding organisational business objectives. People who undertake this process must have deep knowledge about the organisation. In addition, there should be experts in leadership who understand processes of acquisition, development, and retention of leadership talents. It is critical to identify factors that drive business strategies. This would help leaders in understanding SWOT of the company and position it appropriately among competitors. These factors can allow leaders to create unique positions within the market, but leaders mus t understand essential elements of business drivers. The plan for the development of the main leadership skills identified as lacking within the Mattel structure Mattel will require constant assessments of individual employees and the organisation itself. Employees can create self-awareness and provide data for identification of management talent. Organisational assessment can reveal the performance of current leadership and changes required for business improvement. Mattel will rely on work assessment in order to understand how leaders can develop certain skills required for the task. Work assessment should have certain goals for evaluation purposes. This enhances feedback on skills attained by trainees and mentors with reference to specific business strategies required (Fowler and Gorman, 2005). Feedback from mentoring and coaching processes is an effective means of assessing and developing an appropriate leadership plan for the future. However, in most cases, people involved in c oaching and mentoring may fail assessment on feedback for potential leadership abilities. However, it is important to understand challenges that relate to coaching and mentoring because these concepts of leadership develop can also destroy potential individuals (Lambert, 2004). It is important for senior executives to participate in talent management within the organisation (Gold, Thorpe and Mumford, 2010). Mattel will not realise advantages from senior executives’ involvement in the leadership development plan, unless such leaders support, adopt, and evaluate the desired skills for future leaders for the company. Executives must demonstrate personal support and engagement for the processes of changes within the organisation (Drath, 2004). Another plan is to provide leadership seminars, events, and meetings. These provide opportunities for employees to interact, learn, and get information on the required leadership skills for the future. However, organisations must understand costs that result for such events. Thus, it is necessary to leverage such events. Evaluate and report on the usefulness of methods used to plan the development of leadership skills Leadership development strategies applied in this process are effective because they identify and specify specific actions that Mattel must undertake in order to develop, retain, or source employees with leadership abilities that it may require in order to meet business objectives. This suggests that the company’s leadership strategy plans relies on organisational strategic objectives and quantifiable business results. These approaches also recognise practical aspects inherent in developing effective leadership skills. Evaluating the best leadership style for Mattel According to situational leadership theory, the best leadership for an organisation depends on â€Å"situational variables because no single leadership style fits all workplace environments† (Oracle, 2012). Mattel should use à ¢â‚¬Å"the type of work, the complexity of its projects, and qualifications of employees in order to develop future leadership plans† (Oracle, 2012). Evaluating current and potential leaders The company focuses on expected leadership skills and competencies when evaluating current and future leaders. It must also evaluate internal politics and structures when developing future leadership skills. Identify leadership gaps The leadership plan accounts for leadership gaps in the company. The company assesses all employees on their readiness to lead others by evaluating current and future leadership requirements. Succession plan for organisational critical roles Mattel did not have the CEO for many months. Moreover, many employees in critical leadership positions resigned. Hence, an effective leadership plan accounts for succession and avoidance of disruption when key leaders leave the company. A succession plan should be a part of Mattel’s company policies. A successio n plan should account for all critical departments of the company. Career plans for potential leaders The plan accounts for responsibilities, which an employee can handle comfortably. Career planning aids â€Å"in retention, engagement, and protection of the leadership pipeline of a company† (Oracle, 2012). Career advancement programmes are effective ways of retaining potential leaders in a company. In fact, most employees leave their jobs due to lack career planning in an organisation. Required skills for future leaders It is important for a career plan to recognise changes that take place in the workplace environment. Thus, an organisation should identify potential leaders and develop a skills roadmap for the future (Oracle, 2012). Such leader plans should account for both formal and informal learning in the organisation. The plan should focus on â€Å"coaching, rotational assignments, job shadowing, mentor relationships, and project leadership† (Oracle, 2012). T his should account for technologies and include elements of social networking. Retention approaches for current and potential future leaders A leadership development plan must have retention strategies. Organisations have used both monetary and non-monetary reward approaches in order to retain their employees. A good approach should link such strategies with performance and motivate employees to stay focused on realising organisational goals. Reference List Adair, J 2009a, Effective Leadership: How to be a Successful Leader, Pan, London. 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