Implications for Social Wellness and Development

I chose this article because it was very interesting to me. When you are growing out of adolescence into adulthood, you never think of the psychology that is involved in your growing. You don’t think about how and what influences the person you are becoming or the person that you want to be when you reach adulthood. During this stage of social development, you learn more about what you like, how you love and the actual wellness that you are working toward. Most people will never think of this, they think that life is life and that you are just supposed to live it. They have no idea of the development and the consequences that could come from poor judgment. I know that I never thought of this and it took me until I was 23 years old to figure out what I wanted out of my life because before that I just coasted through it carelessly, never worrying about the consequences. The major problem with this is that when an adolescent graduates high school, most of them move out of their parents’ home and into their own apartment or into a dorm. There, they basically have no rules and don’t have to worry about the consequences of their actions. If I had to write a research paper on this subject, I would definitely use this article. There is so much information throughout; there are even diagrams and illustrations. I found the diagram The Indivisible Self: An Evidence-Based Model of Wellness very informative and interesting. There was also the purpose of study and hypothesis where there were five hypotheses, the method and the instruments used to conduct this study. The subscales were very informative as well. The results and the discussion were also very stimulating. I find that psychology is a very complex study that requires much critical thinking but I am loving this subject. You learn so much about yourself and everyone around you.

Democracy & America

In the world today and in America, democracy is the most valued and the vaguest political terms in the current political times and campaigns. The term democracy by definition is a governmental system in which the citizens retain and exercise the political sovereignty. This means that the citizens of a country have a direct say and would contribute in the administration of the country through one of their elected representative.The democracy in America is controlled by two major principles that has to be observed, these are; citizens have equal access to power and are guarded the same while the second one is that, the same power guards all members to enjoy the societal freedoms and liberties. Another very clear definition of democracy is that, it is a form of government which is constituted by the people of a country and in which the supreme power of that government is vested on the same people who constitute it.3 This government by the people lack any form of hereditary or class dist inction differentiation on class basis or privileges. True democracy is voted for by the majority and one that serves and works for the interest of the people, although in any country true democracy is not being experienced by the citizens, they have a voice during elections. This allows the citizens to elect whoever will represent their particular interest and standards. 4In the world there are three major types of democracy that are well known, namely direct democracy, representative democracy and liberal democracy; Direct democracy is a form of democracy in which the citizens have the right and the responsibility to attend meetings the national assembly and participate in the making of policies. In this case all the directly contribute and affect the decision making process. This system has representatives who drew the agendas for such assembly meetings.In this kind of democracy all the citizens have the right to vote and hold offices and it is the duty of all the citizens in a c ountry to actively participate in the decision making process which is determined by the majority. 5 Representative democracy is the kind of democracy that is used in the American Democracy. This form of democracy is characterized by the fact that the citizens elect their representatives who make the decisions on their behalf. Representative democracy is practiced both at the state level, local levels and eve n at the institutions levels. 6The third form of democracy is liberal democracy which is a form of representative democracy in which the elected representatives that hold offices and have the power of decision making on behalf of the public are moderated by the rule of law (constitution). The rule of law in all circumstances emphasizes the protection of the individual rights and the rights of the minority groups in the society. The most basic rights to be protected by the rule of law are like the rights of assembly and speech, the rights to owe and use private property, the rig hts and freedom to religion and the right to be equal before the rule of law.This democracy is as well characterized by elections; it is also characterized multi party systems and also an independent judiciary. These forms of democracy are being practiced in different countries and they all have their advantages and disadvantages. 7 A society that experiences any kind of democracy among the ones discussed above must meet some of the minimum characteristics. Those characteristics have to be met for a society to be referred to as democratic.The main characteristic of a democratic society is to educate the whole society to understand what democracy is and to know their obligations, contributions and requirements as citizens in a democratic society. 8 After the education of the public about their democracy they should also experience that they have the power to choose and replace the government through free and fair elections, the citizens should be actively be involved in the politics and the civil life, the democratic government should have the ability to protect the human rights and in that society the rule of law (i.e. the laws and the procedures) to apply equally to al citizens. All these are the minimum qualifications for a democratic society. 9 A democratic society first is characterized by a political System by which there is competition for power. Democratic societies have the mandate of to choose their leaders and to ensure that they are held accountable for their policies and conduct in office. In this due process of election the people decide who will represent them in parliament and who will head the government at the national and local levels.This is done in a fee and fair elections. In this society the government is based on the decision of the citizens because they are sovereign. In this society the elected representatives at the national and the local levels are always consulting their electorate and work according to their needs and representativ es. The principle of the public suggestion has to be observed since the public have the right and obligation to monitor their representatives business in the government and are free to criticize them.10 This requirement for a democratic society demands that free and fair elections be held after a regular interval as prescribed by law, this elections are not to be influenced by the people in power who do not have any right to extend their time in office without asking the consent of the people. In all democratic elections al the candidates also have the right to campaign freely and to present their ideologies to the voters.The whole process must be monitored by independent electoral observers and a committee that is to resolve any electoral disputes. 11 The second requirement to be met by a democratic society is that the citizens have a bigger responsibility to participate in public life. The society have the mandate and the obligations to be informed about public issues, they have t he obligation to watch carefully how their political representatives use the powers vested on them and to give their opinions and criticism on the same.This can only be achieved if the civil societies who represent a variety of interest and beliefs educate the public and especially women their democratic rights and responsibilities, improve their political skills, represent their common interests, and involve them in political life. In this system there is no one that should be forced to support any political party and the citizens should always be free to support any political party. 12The third requirement for a democratic society is that every citizen in the society has some basic right that is guaranteed under the international law and the state cannot take away from them. The citizens have the rights to have their own beliefs and to communicate freely. They too have the freedom of religion; this states that everyone is free to chose their own religion and to practice their reli gious norms as they deem fit for them. The citizens in such societies have the right to associate with other people and to be incorporate and to be incorporated in the organizations of their own choice.With all these freedoms and others, the state puts it upon the citizens to exercise these rights peacefully, with respect for the law and for the rights of others. 13 The fourth and last basic requirement for democracy in a society is that it be recognized as the rule of law. This rule of law protects the rights citizens, help in the maintenance of orders and helps to limit the power of government. In such a society all the citizens are treated equally under the rule of law and are not being discriminated based on their gender, race, religion or even the ethnic group.In this society the citizens are being protected by law and should never be arrested arbitrarily, they have the right to know their charges and anybody charged with a crime has the right to a fair, open and speedy public trial by an impartial public court. 14 In a democratic society no one is above the law and the law treats people equally. Although these are the requirements of any democratic society, all the societies in the world do not prove to obey them and to defend them. Therefore democracy is only a political term which is not put into practice.Work cited http://www. wisegeek. com/what-is-a-liberal-democracy. htm Retrieved on 19th July 2008 Janda Kenneth and Et al (2004) The Challenge of Democracy: Government in America Houghton Mifflin Blaich Theodore Paul and Baumgartner Joseph Cornelius (1953) the Challenge of Democracy. Published by McGraw-Hill http://www. hewett. norfolk. sch. uk/CURRIC/POLIT/DEMOC. htm Retrieved on The 19th JULY 2008 http://college. hmco. com/polisci/janda/chall_dem/9e/student_home. html Retrieved on The July 19, 2008

Placement of children and unborn child ( social work bachelor Essay

Placement of children and unborn child ( social work bachelor Australia) - Essay Example Notably, Elly Jones has not demonstrated any change of character. There is a string possibility that she still drinks large amounts of alcohol with her partner. The incident that was reported by the neighbours is sufficient proof of a troubled household. In usual cases, alcoholism and substance abuse are issues that keep relapsing if the victim stays in the same environment in which the habits flourish (Straussner & Fewell, 2011, p. 61). It might be difficult for the partners to change their habits particularly given the fact that there is no any interventionist program on the part of Elly Jones partner, which opens every possibility of continued abuse to the children. Another issue to be considered is the fact that Mary’s character stems from the effects of the sexual abuse that she suffered as a child at the hands of her father Bob. It might require more programs and effort to mend her psychologically in order to help her recover from the trauma, distrust and other negative aspects of personality that might have been occasioned by the childhood experience. The two children and the unborn child must be brought up in an environment that would guarantee happiness, positive socialization and normal growth. The current unstable and disruptive state of their lives might cause serious psychological impairment on the part of the children. Information available shows that the children are already manifesting negative signs of abuse and disorientation. There is a serious need for debriefing. The only place that appears relatively safer for them is at their grandparents’ home. The grandparents have demonstrated sufficient responsibility and concern for the welfare of the children. It must be noted that the grandparents reported the abuse of the two children to the authorities. Furthermore, Jake and Anna have also expressed a wish to stay with their grandparents. However, the only concern relates with the character of their grandfather and Elly

Common law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Common law - Case Study Example Further, it is the concern of Stahl and Mendenhall (2005) that strategic and financial goals are too often emphasised in business, whilst the psychological, cultural and human resource implications are not fully recognized. A company that recognises and includes its employees in the decision-making process will enjoy increasing success in the long run. It is the long-term goals that matter the most. Organisational development (OD) is a planned organisation-wide approach to improving effectiveness, utilising humanistic values and beliefs about the potential to grow and a willingness to make changes. Work was once considered a mechanistic and rational process, but, over time, research has indicated that organisations are not as rational as the public has perceived them to be. OD is informed by a set of humanistic values and beliefs about the potential of people and organisations to develop and grow. Effectiveness is influenced by relationships, and understanding interdependencies within the work system is critical because change in one place will have an effect elsewhere (Opening Up OD, 2004). There are two ways to develop a business: in terms of structure and in terms of staff selection. Structure is the method used to set up the business from a mechanical and linear viewpoint. It offers a working outline from leadership to individual performance, as set forth in the Burke-Litwin model below (Using, 2006). However, a company that offers incentives for employees will find it much easier to capture the market share in the long run. In this respect, the McKinsey 7-S Framework appears to offer a more interconnected method of organisation (Famous Models 2006). Both of these systems have initiated criticism, but where people are involved, although a rigid framework might appear to bring about positive results, it leaves no room for compromise and is doomed to failure over time. Models of Performance Retrieved from http://www.roffeypark.com/articles/onearticler.php'article_id=169 It should be noted in the Burke-Litwin Model above that although the chart appears to be linear, the use of it in this case is more interactive and circular. The response from employees at AAH Pharmaceuticals in the UK to a questionnaire conducted by an outside company, Roffey Park, garnered an 86% response. The model allowed an analysis of organisational dynamics, and the findings were fed back to employees in a newsletter, completing the circle (Using, 2006). This is one indication of how the Burke-Litwin Model can be used, but unless its structure is flexible, it could bring about a less than satisfactory result. The Seven S Framework below appeared in The Art of Japanese Management by Richard Pascale and Anthony Athos in 1981, at a time when Japan was at the top of the global economic field. It became a basic tool for the McKinsey Consultancy and is called the McKinsey 7S Model. Whilst the Burke-Litwin Model studies activities, the 7S Model observes people. Chimaera Consulting offers their interpretation of the model (n.d.): Retrieved from http://www.chimaeraconsulting.com/7s_model.htm Strategy A set of actions

Government intervention in the market for various agricultural Essay

Government intervention in the market for various agricultural products - Essay Example This situation may especially prevail when foreign agricultural products are allowed indiscriminately into the market (Dommen, & Mabbs-Zeno,  1989, 98). The government is therefore sometimes forced to maintain a tough balancing act between a free market economy and intervention when the need arises in this particular market to prevent the adverse extremities from occurring (Rothbard, 2008). This paper discusses the circumstances under which such a government intervention can take place with particular reference to the case of the United States of America. Factors Resulting in Government Intervention in the United States The United States government has for long been involved in attempts to enhance profitability in farms through deliberate policies and programs. This is usually done through measures such as regulation, protection of trade, promotion of products and price control and support of income. The government controls the types of food produced, the volume in which they are p roduced, the volume exported and those imported. ... Interestingly, this money came from taxes imposed on the same agricultural sector. The jury is still out on whether the attempt to create jobs is really succeeding considering that the same money taken from farmers in the form of taxes could be used by the same farmers to create jobs. This argument has however not deterred the government from bulldozing on with this policy (Robbins, 1976,  144). The problem with taxation is that it pushes prices of commodities up thus eroding the buying power of the consumer. However, this has to be counter-balanced with the reality that poor quality products that do not adhere to health standards also push up medical bills for the same consumers who complain if prices of commodities go up. The government prefers higher health standards rather than very low food prices (Dommen, & Mabbs-Zeno,  1989, 98). The dynamics of government taxation and the prices of commodities are best expressed in figure 1 below. Figure 1 Change of Equilibrium Due to Tax s tax s 1 P r i p tax c p 1 e (p) D q tax q 1 Quantity (q) In the figure above, the old price [p1] increases due to tax [p tax] while to old quantity [q1] decreases to a smaller amount [q tax]. As a result of these changes, the old supply curve [s1] shifts vertically to the new one [s tax]. Note that the difference between p1 and p tax. This difference is equal to the amount of tax levied which the sellers pass on directly to the consumers (Plott, 1982, 1485). The consumers are therefore left with the option of buying the old quantity at a higher price or a smaller quantity at the old price. The net effect of this taxation is that less of the particular product is sold than before since in many cases the buyers will opt

Digital project management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Digital project management - Essay Example Undoubtedly, the field of project management has as well been influenced by this innovative technology. Currently such highly refined online collaboration technology is used in the field of project management for remotely handling and managing the projects, directing business contracts as well as managing virtual relationships (Mumbi & McGill, 2007), (The Project Wall, 2011) and (Filev, 2008). This paper discusses the important aspects of digital project management. In this scenario I will assess the prime strategies and techniques which can be applied by a project manager in order to deliver the required results of the project. This paper will also discuss new developments and advancements in the field of project management. Project Management 2.0 This section discusses a new evolutionary paradigm of Project Management 2.0 that is evolved through the high-tech support and facilities of web 2.0. Project Management 2.0 (sometimes mistakenly acknowledged as the Social-Project-Managemen t) is one of the evolutionary information technology (IT) based project management practices. Additionally, this new IT based project management is implemented through the interface of new enhanced Web 2.0 tools and technologies. In this scenario, the modern Web 2.0 tools and technologies like wikis, blogs, shared communication boards, collaborative software, etc. have really supported the development of project management to a superior level. Additionally, through the implementation of these new Web 2.0 technologies, shortly distributed as well as globally distributed online virtual teams are competent to work in cooperation with a great deal of additional proficiency by using the next-age, usually less costly or free online development and project management systems. In addition, these innovative applications and effective tools completely change the customary approach of the project manager. Moreover, the new Project Management 2.0 practice demonstrates an impressive enhancement in the competency for collaboration or cooperation in distributed project management teams (Filev, 2008), (The Project Wall, 2011) and

Critical Thinking Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Critical Thinking - Assignment Example Any one factor missing in the thought process and data collection will not only wane the confidence, it will also render the reason unfruitful. 3. Intellectual Perseverance: A critical thinker’s power of perseverance is better than most thinkers as they are more liable to attack by critics. Their thoughts are never at rest and they are always open to new information and facts. Critics and new knowledge never bogs them down. But critical as they are, they know where to draw the line between new knowledge and ill-founded knowledge. 2. Relevance: Any data collected should be relevant to the question or problem. Data that is not relevant is a waste of time for a critical mind. The applicability of data to question and its strength is the domain of this standard. 3. Depth: To seek knowledge below the visible. The critical mind while collecting data inadvertently follows this standard, to understand the complexities of a subject. The requirement of this standard is to get as much relevant information as one can to get a firm understanding of the subject at hand. 4. Significance: To be significant for a problem, the data gathered for a problem should be focused. All data collected can be relevant and yet not significant to a problem. For a critical thinker it is imperative to realize the significance of the

Ethical dilemma, analysing the dilemma using different ethical Essay

Ethical dilemma, analysing the dilemma using different ethical theories (utilitarianizm, liberty, virtue) - Essay Example According to Catherine Berglund (2007) ethics is â€Å"a process of reflection†. Reflecting on what is right and what seems to be wrong. Arguments are looked at and analysed in order to come to a conclusion. It is due to medical ethics, that the right to consent and confidentiality have been identified (Holland, 2007). Ethical decisions are made every day, by every person. Is it right to park on disabled parking space when you rushing your child to the hospital? Or, is it fair to lie to your partner even if you know that it would make him happy? This is just the tip of the moral dilemmas’ iceberg. In December 2011 the conjoined twins Jesus and Emmanuel were born in Brazil; each one have their own head, brain, nervous system, and spine. They share heart, lungs, liver and all lower body organs. Few days before their birth Chilean conjoined twins Maria Paz and Maria Jose were separated followed by the death one of the girl a week later. The question is, should the conjoine d twins be separated? Utilitarianism refers to the ethical theory, which postulates that taking an appropriate course of action increases the chances of perfection (Manuel, Claire, Shanks & Meyer, 2011). Its moral worthiness is based on the consequences of actions (Rawls, 2011). Proponents of this theory are J.S. Mill and Jeremy Bentham (Rawls, 2011). The virtue theory, in this respect, emphasizes on the role of an individual’s character along with such virtues embodied by one’s character in the evaluation and determination of ethical behaviour (Crisp & Slote, 1997). Arguably, the virtue ethics is among the key approaches to the normative ethics, which more often than not is contrasted to deontology (Stephen, 2003). Liberty theory, on the other hand, holds that the fundamental moral concepts are the individual human rights (Devettere, 2002). It holds that rights to be respected are the ONINTERFERENCE rights (Devettere, 2002). Generally, these are categorized under righ ts to property, to life, and to liberty. In the spirit of liberalism, the proper limit to an individual’s enjoyment of such rights is her or his duty to respect similar rights of other people. A non-interference or negative right is an individual’s legitimate claim, which holds that other individuals should not interfere with her or him in any way. A positive right is the individual’s legitimate claim that society or possibly the government provide her or him with that which he/she requires (Devettere, 2002). Clearly, there are considerable differences in the approaches of the three theories to be applied in this case. Utilitarianism might be considered as an ethical approach that is quantitative and reductionist (Stephen, 2003). It considerably differs from other ethical theories such as deontological ethics, virtue ethics, pragmatic ethics and other consequentiality approaches (Stephen, 2003). While deontological ethics differ from utilitarianism in their disr egard for consequantialism, pragmatic, virtue and other consequentiality ethics differ from utilitarianism through their considerable regard of character as an aspect that determines the achievement of pleasurable ethical results (Crisp & Slote, 1997). Utilitarianism theory is arguably the greatest principle that allows achieving happiness and felicity (Rawls, 2011). While applying the utilitarian theory to this case, it can be argued that

Organizational Analysis Motivation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Organizational Analysis Motivation - Essay Example The jobs at FMC Green River are task oriented and are, to a large extent, defined by the union. Unlike FMC Aberdeen, the employees at Green River do not have well defined goals. Further, production at Green River is not directly linked to their pay or other organizational rewards. There is little chance of advancement and the union structure discourages any opportunity for promotion. The jobs at FMC Green River are very well defined by the union contract and workers are faced with fulfilling the needs, but have no control over the means of production. FMC Aberdeen is in a constant state of flux as employees are trained in a variety of tasks and are free to move from one job to another. The workers at FMC Green River have very little vertical job loading and their job description limits their horizontal loading. The FMC Aberdeen plant allows its workers to work outside their team and also function as team leaders. This type of organization offers many opportunities for career growth. The FMC Green River plant is structured by definition of tasks and employees have almost no chance of going beyond their current job or position. While the union may offer occasional retraining, it does not enhance the esteem of the employee. Performance reviews at Green River are not adequate to provide any performance or satisfaction impact on the employees. FMC Green River will encounter problems by trying to institute a rewards system based on performance. The workforce may see this as creating inequity and correcting this could have a negative effect on production. The workforce is currently the highest paid unit at FMC and they may respond better to other needs. According to the ERG theory of needs, relatedness and growth may be more likely to motivate the workforce. The jobs at FMC Green River have been structured according to scientific management. They are routine and specialized. This has been done to optimize production and meet the requirements of the union contract. There is little opportunity under Green River's current system for job enlargement or job enrichment. Performance appraisals currently offer little more than a determination to see if the contract is being fulfilled. The culture is not conducive to self-appraisal or peer appraisal. Aside from the union contract, there is a psychological contract with the organization that provides some level of motivation for the employees. Recommendations FMC Green River would benefit from offering a plant wide profit sharing program. This would offer the employees a motivation based on rewards without the perceived inequity of individual pay increases. They should also focus on the employee needs in the areas of relatedness and growth. FMC Green River should foster a more social atmosphere and provide a method of recognition for individual achievement. FMC Green River could broaden the job descriptions to give the employees greater participation in the overall process. Job enlargement could offer an avenue for growth within the existing organizational framework. This would be an intrinsic motivational factor that could lead to a lower turnover rate as experienced at Aberdeen. A job diagnostic survey would be a critical first step in this direction. Green River should begin to develop a performance appraisal system. This should be used as a motivational and self-improvement tool rather than a pay based system. With proper training, peer reviews and self-evaluation would

The critical thinking Essay Example for Free

The critical thinking Essay With the intention to test the critical thinking ability of the people, the focus will be to ensure that everybody who took part in the test understood it. This allows all respondents to answer the questions based on how they are able to interpret what they have read. Nelson’s use of a write up gives an opportunity for each respondent to analyze the passage, understand it and respond to it. This supports Facione, Facione and Giancarlo’s measurement of reliability by the use of paper and pencil method to conduct the test (2000). Also, the use of elementary vocabulary gives a large number of people the opportunity to participate in this test at the same time. A content-related validity clearly shows in its result. According to Facione et al, there are no restrictions to the content on which the test can be based, (2000), the focus therefore, will be on the items that are used in the test. In this test, Nelson was able to develop thirty two (32) items with which he conducted the test. Based on the fact that Nelson wanted a wide range of people to understand the test and also respond appropriately, he used basic vocabularies. This, in essence, made it possible for people to be tested, not according to their language skills but according to their critical thinking ability. Hence, the criterion-related validity is established. In the use of a 32 multi-choice questions wherein there are more than one correct answers, Nelson gave respondents the opportunity to think outside the norm. The implication of this is that each respondent has to be certain about the answers. The comparison of different tests does not have a direct correlation with the content of the test because the items in consideration were not detailed. Detailed information of the items in consideration could have given the test comparison a more valid result. REFERENCES Facione, Peter A. , Santa Clara University; Facione, Noreen C. , University of California San Francisco; Giancarlo, Carol A. , Santa Clara University. (2000). The Disposition Toward Critical Thinking: Its Character, Measurement, and Relationship to Critical Thinking Skill. Informal Logic, 20(1), 61-84

A Study On HNC Social Care Social Policy Essay

A Study On HNC Social Care Social Policy Essay Values are standards and principals by which we live our lives. These standards are many and often depend on people`s background e.g. Culture, class, religion, gender, age. Values are extremely individual attitudes that direct people`s responses to the world around them. Amongst some of the values I live my life by and respect are privacy allowing me to have space to myself and respecting the fact that others may desire privacy, to be safe and also allowing others the same, having self respect, being trustworthy, being non judgmental, being anti discriminatory, respect life and faith, value freedom and equality, value choice and others points of view. I have learned to live my life this way from my parents and their families. The schools and church where I was taught , espoused the values of  Ã‚   human dignity, solidarity for the common good , charity , and the family,   all of   which I continue to hold dear. I therefore try to ensure that I treat people the way I would like to be treated. Because of these values, I am able to work happily alongside the organization I volunteer for, as their policies and procedures represent many of these common values. We ensure the right to dignity, choice, respect, privacy, and protection. I must consider my clients beliefs and preferences. I currently volunteer as a Befriender for a group that helps adults with learning disabilities become included within the community through socialization, by matching Befriendees with supportive Befrienders. I, as a volunteer for this organization, provide their service participants with the opportunity to take a full and satisfying part in their community. I also help to raise awareness of issues affecting adults with learning difficulties in community participation. I did this in a major way by participating in the collection and presentation of our petition to the Scottish Parliament to request that Befriending is to be financed with core funding. Although Befriending, to help social inclusion was briefly mentioned as a means of supporting adults with learning disabilities in â€Å"Same as you Strategy†2000, this article has never been defined by the government as a core service to be provided by councils. As a result, Befriending for Adults with Learning Disabilities has rarely been financed or delivered by statutory services. However, the social work department is the main means of referral to our organization and so for the moment receive this service free, financed by charitable donations. I feel this is a form of statutory discrimination against our client group and hope our petition resolves this situation. This petition has received a positive reaction from the petitions committee and is still going through the committee processe s. The core values of our organisation are underpinned by the National Care Standards, which were set up under the Regulation of Care (Scotland)Act 2001. This Act came about to regulate the care and social work force and set out the principals of good care practice. The Care Commission was set up under this Act to register, regulate, and inspect all care services listed in the Act. It also established The Scottish Social Services Council (SSSC). The SSSC has aims and objectives to protect the service users, raise standards, strengthen, and support workforce professionalism. There are six main standards laid down in National Care Standards that are at the centre of any care practice. Dignity â€Å"making someone feel worthy and impressive† as defined in the Oxford English Dictionary. I ensure that I give dignity by respecting individuals for who they are. I recognise all individuals are different and I am sensitive and aware of this. Privacy and confidentiality is the need and right to privacy. The principle of confidentiality between me and the service user is built on mutual respect and trust. Confidentiality is further reinforced by the Data Protection Act 1998. This allows our service users to see any information that is held on them. I must ensure that this information is held securely in a locked filing cabinet. Any information I write in an activity plan must be truthful, factual, and accurate with my opinions to be objective. Choice means giving and explaining different options to individuals. I support our service users by encouraging their right to choose. By offering they limited options that will encourage them to look at positive alternatives within a safe environment. Safety means that I must ensure my service user when in my care, is protected from harm and abuse. If I suspect or observe that harm and abuse has or is taking place, against a service user, I must report the incident in an Incident Report   Form within 36 hrs of the episode to my line manager. I also complete a risk assessment form before any activity. Realising Potential ensures that I must allow my service users the chance to aim to achieve things great and small within their abilities. These core values are represented within our organisations policies and procedures. To ensure client safety we have a Health and Safety Policywhich is designed to comply with the Health and Safety at work Act 1974. Risk Assessments are used on a daily basis before an activity to ensure that the staff and clients are safe on the premises. We also have Accident and Incident Reporting procedures which are required under the Reporting of Injuries, Diseases, and Dangerous Occurrences Regulation 1995(RIDDOR), Social Security Regulations 1979 (SRR),Data Protection Act, to be reportedin an efficient manner. I must complete relevant forms and report to my line manager. If an event requires reporting directly to RIDDOR the records should be kept securely for at least three years. Our Equalities policy complies with the Sex Discrimination Act 1975 and 1986, the Race Relations Act of 1976 and the Race Relation Amendments Regulations of 2003, the Disability Discrimination Act 1995. Our organization opposes all forms of unfair and unlawful discrimination on the grounds of colour, race, religion, nationality, social background, gender, sexual orientation, marital status, age and disability. It also promotes the principle of equal opportunities in paid employment, voluntary work, and service provision. Although it is important to apply positive values within my practice, it is sometimes difficult to do so. Giving someone choice needs to be balanced by ensuring that this choice is safe and positive. Giving Adults with Learning Disabilities too many choices can cause confusion and sometimes fear. So I give limited positive choices to ensure that this does not happen. Safety issues can also limit choices, as under the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 and National Care Standards it is important that I ensure my client is safe from harm and abuse. If a risk assessment shows that an activity is not suitable to the client because of safety issues then the choice of doing that particular activity is reduced. The values conflicting here are my clients health and safety and his right to choice. Privacy and confidentiality is dealt with in our Confidentiality policy. Our organization requires information about clients, volunteers, staff other organizations and our own organization. I am therefore committed to ensuring that all information is stored safely which also allows appropriate retrieval. Confidential material must be kept in a locked cabinet. Volunteers are only able to see files â€Å"on a need to know basis only†. Computer access is limited to authorized staff and information backed up. All of these policies are compatible with the Data Protection Act 1998.If a client discloses something to me and asks me not to tell anyone then I must respect his/her wishes as a matter of trust. However, sometimes this can be difficult, especially if abuse is disclosed. Under these circumstances I am obliged to tell him/her that I understand his/her need for confidentiality, but the circumstances require me to advise my line manager in writing and that this will be in his/her best interests and to try not to worry. The values conflicting here are protection from harm and abuse and confidentiality. As we do not supply a care service, we are not required to regi ster with the Care Commission, but we ensure all our policies and procedures meet their standards. As all clients under these standards are legally allowed an individualized care plan, we instead have an activity plan. To ensure no discrimination takes place the client is assessed using (Ref1)PIES.   We take into account, our clients Physical needs, Intellectual needs, Emotional needs, and Social needs. Needs were first described as requirements for our survival in the model put forward by (Ref 2) Abraham Maslow, a Humanist Psychologist. He stated that human needs can be arranged in a stepladder pyramid and that the lower level needs must be satisfied before higher levels can be met. Starting from the basic psychological need , then moving to safety and security, social, esteem, and self- actualization. He suggested that not satisfying these needs the person could become frustrated and emotionally distressed, with possibly poverty and crisis taking place. He also suggested that these needs must be met in order.  Ã‚   Prejudice as (Ref3) defined in the Collins dictionary â€Å"is an unreasonable dislike of a particular group of people or things, or a preference for a one group of people or things over another†. Prejudice is caused by a lack of understanding of something, causing the wrong impression to be created. (Ref4)The Functionalist perspectives state that society can be likened to the human body, with different organs (institutions) having different functions yet all working together to keep the body (society) alive. The negative aspects of discrimination according to the functionalists state that it exacerbates poverty and crime, that society fails to use the resources of all individuals, discourages good will, and discourage the resolution of disputes. These negative aspects can provide jobs by having to employ police officers, justice system, and civil servants. Although not to be encouraged, the functionalists state that the positive aspects of prejudice keep people in their prope r place within society and discourage them from questioning their place within society. The functionalists believe that it is normal for one group to be superior to the other, that society is unequal and competition within society is natural. Discrimination happens when one group does not want to have another group change their set roles. Changes in the economy can see prejudice affecting those in poverty because other groups may feel that the benefit system budget is being abused by those who are out of work. Prejudice can be seen in my client group, which has a definite need of the benefit system. Working with people with learning disabilities has shown me that prejudice arises amongst some of the local community. This is a small section of the community pre- judging those with learning disabilities through lack of knowledge and so they hold unfavourable views or opinions towards people who are different and so bullying can take place. Adults with learning disabilities are a section of society that tends not to be able to stand up for themselves. They rely on family, social workers, advocacy workers, and support workers to advise them on their rights, choices, and responsibilities. Unfortunately, through no fault of their own, some sections of this community may not receive this relevant information. They do not receive the care, benefits, and advice that they need, or they do not receive the statutory services they deserve. This can be caused by certain people denying our client group their rights and so discriminate against them. Harassment, bullying, and hate crimes of those with learning disabilities takes place in many areas. The recent death of a mother and daughter burned to death in England after numerous threats and harassment is an excessive example and result of discrimination. Discrimination takes place through fear, misunderstanding, misinformation, and so as well as laws against discrimination, we need to educate and provide training against it. To try to ensure that the incident that took place does not happen in our community, our organization is involved in providing a training service to the community. I have taken part in training to try to educate youths from the local secondary school about Learning Disabilities. This resulted in them becoming peer volunteers to younger children with Learning Disabilities from the local school for autistic children. A music group was set up to bring these two groups of youngsters together, with positive results. (Ref 5) Adults with Learning Disabilities are more likely to develop health problems. Therefore, without support, they may not be able to make their feelings known and so screening and or treatment may be denied. The need for support to allow them to lead as normal a life as their abilities allow and to access services, has a financial cost to society. The belief that people with learning disabilities, are a financial burden to society, and not providing relevant support is evidence of discrimination.Their ill health has my client group adults with learning disabilities relying on benefits. Therefore, being able to afford the use of transport and taking part in social activities are reduced for those who are on benefits. This is more evident in those with learning disabilities in rural areas. They are socially excluded and marginalized, through the lack of affordable and regular transport services. The chances of employment for this group of individuals are rare as most do not have the capacity to engage in work and so they will continue to live on benefits. Psychologically that can result in depression, low self- esteem, frustration, or anger. Causing their behaviour to be affected, by them becoming withdrawn or violent. Through legislation, social care organizations now have to be more accountable and have increasing responsibilities to write and maintain policy and procedures. These have to comply with current legislation and exist to protect people`s rights and ensure quality services are provided. Our policies and procedures must have specific guidelines, for example, they cover confidentiality and privacy, equal opportunities, health and safety, abuse policies, lone working practices, activity planning and reviews and risk assessment and management. I have a responsibility to read the organizations policy and procedures thoroughly and integrate them into my practice. I should query any uncertainties and report any infringements. If I am uneasy about the practice of others within the organization or within any other agency I come into contact with, I must report to my line manager and seek advice. My manager has a responsibility to produce these policies and procedures ensuring they incorporate current legislation. Management ensures that staff and service users have easy access to them. Discussion and reflection of policies and procedures to ensure they are justified and explained to staff is encouraged. I receive continued training, support, and supervision and engage in partnership working with relevant agencies. References. 1. Elizabeth Bingham +. (2009). Social Care: Group Award Graded Unit. In: Heinemann HNC in Social Care. Edinburgh: Heinemann. 147. 2. Elizabeth Bingham +. (2009). Psychological perspectives and Theories on development and needs. In: Heinemann HNC in Social Care. Edinburgh: Heinemann. 86-89. 3. http://dictionary.reverso.net/english-cobuild/prejudice 4. Eliz Bingham + (2009). HNC in Social Care. Edinburgh: Heinemann. 112 5. http://www.learningdisabilities.org.uk/media/news-releases/newsreleases-2005/14-july-2005/?locale=en

Pygmalion by George Bernard Shaw Essay -- Pygmalion George Bernard Sha

Pygmalion by George Bernard Shaw George Bernard Shaw's father, George Carr Shaw, was an alcoholic which meant not much money was spent on Shaw's education, therefore he was mainly self-taught, since he was self-taught he never had ideas forced upon him, this caused him to turn into a strong minded individual who expressed his opinions. He was a socialist and a critic who believed strongly in equality. Shaw wrote many plays, which expressed his opinions, one of the most famous being Pygmalion. Shaw uses Pygmalion to show the superficial basis of the class system. Pygmalion is set in London, in the early 1900's when the distinction between classes was more defined. I believe Shaw choose to set the play in London because it has the widest range of classes and would make it easier for him to show how false the class system really is. There is the queen who is considered to be of the highest class and people living on the streets who are considered to be of the lowest class. Shaw uses Pygmalion to show how false the class system is and how it is based on superficial ideas. Shaw shows that people can't be put into categorise when he makes the characters exceed the boundaries of the groups they have placed in. One of the characters to do this is Eliza, who exceeds the boundaries of lower class. " I'm a good girl I am." She shows that she is well mannered, and has more morals than Higgins. She also shows herself to have a lot of pride and self-respect. Through Higgins and Pickering's perceptions of Eliza, we are shown that the class system is all in the mind of the beholder and how it is perceived differently in each person. Higgins sees Eliza as lower class; "I treat a duchess as if she were a flowe... ...Shaw shows how people are judged when we first meet Doolittle. "He'll make bad use of it I'm afraid!" because of his poverty-stricken appearance, Pickering assumes that Doolittle will waste the money. Shaw also uses Doolittle to show that happiness can't be bought with money, when we first meet Doolittle he is happy but when he comes into money he doesn't like his new lifestyle and isn't happy with his new found finances. Shaw successfully criticises the British class system through Pygmalion. He shows how people can't be fitted into categorise as he makes many of the characters exceed the boundaries that they have been confined within. Through Pygmalion he picks up on the class system's many flaws and how easily it can be proved wrong. Pygmalion is successful in getting the message across about the class system and how it is based on superficial ideas.

Mya Angelou :: Essays Papers

Mya Angelou Toni Morrison, the first black woman to receive Nobel Prize in Literature, was born Chloe Anthony Wofford on February 18, 1931 in Lorain, Ohio, U.S.A. She was the second of four children of George Wofford, a shipyard welder and Ramah Willis Wofford. Her parents moved to Ohio from the South to escape racism and to find better opportunities in the North. Her father was a hardworking and dignified man. While the children were growing up, he worked three jobs at the same time for almost 17 years. He took a great deal of pride in the quality of his work, so that each time he welded a perfect seam he'd also weld his name onto the side of the ship. He also made sure to be well-dressed, even during the Depression. Her mother was a church-going woman and she sang in the choir. At home, Chloe heard many songs and tales of Southern black folklore. The Woffords were proud of their heritage. Lorain was a small industrial town populated with immigrant Europeans, Mexicans and Southern blacks who lived next to each other. Chloe attended an integrated school. In her first grade, she was the only black student in her class and the only one who could read. She was friends with many of her white schoolmates and did not encounter discrimination until she started dating. She hoped one day to become a dancer like her favorite ballerina, Maria Tallchief, and she also loved to read. Her early favorites were the Russian writers Tolstoy and Dostoyevski, French author Gustave Flaubert and English novelist Jane Austen. She was an excellent student and she graduated with honors from Lorain High School in 1949. Chloe Wofford then attended the prestigious Howard University in Washington, D.C., where she majored in English with a minor in classics. Since many people couldn't pronounce her first name correctly, she changed it to Toni, a shortened version of her middle name. She joined a repertory company, the Howard University Players, with whom she made several tours of the South. She saw firsthand the life of the blacks there, the life her parents had escaped by moving north. Toni Wofford graduated from Howard University in 1953 with a B.A. in English. She then attended Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, and received a master's degree in 1955. After graduating, Toni was offered a job at Texas Southern University in Houston, where she taught introductory English.

My Last Day in California Essay -- Personal Narrative, essay about mys

  My eyes opened very early that morning. I looked out of window and saw beautiful weather outside.   It was cold wind.   The flowers in my garden were smiling at me.   All of a sudden my eyes got watery.   I remembered that this was my last day in California.   I was going to America early the next day morning with my parents and family.   The day was Saturday, 20th December.   Tears were running down my face.   I went downstairs; everybody in the house was sleeping.   They had been packing until late night and I didn't want to them wake them up.   Therefore, I went back upstairs.   I just started thinking about how I was going to leave my house, my friends, my relatives, and my country.   The place where I grew up, the people with whom I had grown up, how I was going to leave without them?   It was going to be very hard for me to leave something that I had used to.   I took out my album and started looking at pictures with my friends and r elatives.   I looked at the life that I had enjoyed with them.   The moments of happiness and sorrow that we had shared together.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The day begins, but it didn't begin as usual. Finally about 10 o'clock in the morning, I went down stairs.   Everybody was awake by that time.   They were busy in their work.   Nobody had time to hear me.   I saw a couple of guests sitting our drawing room so I went back upstairs again.   In a few minutes, the intercom in my room rang and I heard my mom tell me to get ready to go to the temple.   I took a bath and dressed up like a pretty Californian girl.   When I get downstairs, everybody was ready to g... ...The luggage was already in the car then we got in.   As we pulled away, I kept looking at my house as far as I could see it.   All of our friends and relatives were coming to the airport.   We got to the airport.   We were running little bit late.   Therefore, we had to hurry to get our luggage and check in.   No one else could enter the airport but customers so I looked at all of my relatives and friends one last time.   They all were crying.   We had never lived that far from each other.   We boarded the plane, and all I could do was cry.   I made my flight to Ohio.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Leaving my home was the saddest day of my life.   I am in Ohio now, still missing the life I enjoyed in California with my friends and family, still believing there is nothing better than home.   

Urbanization and Its Effects

Introduction Chapter No. 1 Urbanization brings about a social change. This is most prominent in the expansion of entrepreneurship and industrialization. It is known that the progress of the landless laborer and the absorption of wealth into a few hands promote urbanization. A lot of people say that urbanization is the predictable outcome of economic growth, with the increase of expert craftsmen, merchants, and proprietors. Urban growth or urbanization brings an attraction for the people residing in rural areas. They get attracted by the luxuries, comforts and opportunities which people of cities are enjoying. Both the natural increase (population growth) and net migration are the major contributory factors to urban growth. As in other parts of the world, although the urban growth in Pakistan is dominated by the natural increase, about one-fifth of this growth is certified to internal migration. Internal migration or urbanization has played a major role in the expansion of the population density in the major cities of Pakistan. Internal migration has also been very important in the fast growth of these cities. Urbanization is more rapid than a population growth. People are moving from rural areas to urban areas for a better living standard, to seek better quality education, mesmerizing work places. Besides all the positive aspects of urbanization, it also has a negative impact on the economy which includes the loss of agriculture land, urban food supply like vegetables, wheat, rice, maize etc. , the devastating of habitats and urban diseconomies. Economy of Pakistan thus has both negative as well as positive effects of urbanization. Further moving on with the details of effects of urbanization on Pakistani economy, we need to know the conditions of the economy of Pakistan at present. The economy of Pakistan and the effects of urbanization on Pakistani economy are discussed in below: Economy of Pakistan: The economy of Pakistan is placed to be the 27th largest in dollar terms. Pakistan is surrounded by chemical industries, textiles, agriculture, food processing and other industries, which makes it the semi-industrialized economy. The economy of Pakistan has suffered a lot in the past from high inflation rates, increasing poverty levels, low quality of education, terrorism and a fast growing population. The economy of Pakistan has been going through hard times since last 5 to 6 years. The gross domestic product (GDP) of Pakistan is US$167 billions, which makes it 48th largest economy in the world Today Pakistan is said to be having the 2nd largest economy in the South Asia. In Pakistan GDP growth and a prominent rise in the industrial and service sector remained in the range of 6% to 8% in 2004 to 2006, due to the transformation by the Musharraf government in the year 2000. In year 2005 World Bank named Pakistan to be the top reformer in its region and in the top 10 reformers throughout the world/globally. Pakistan’s GDP gross domestic product is estimated to be $475. billion if measured by purchasing power parity (PPP). The per capita Income in Pakistan is estimated to be 23% to 28%. GDP growth rate was stable during the mid of 2000 at a rate of 7% however it slowed down due to the economic crisis of 2008 to 4. 7%. Pakistan has a high inflation rate of 24. 4% and a low savings rate which makes it difficult to sustain a high growth rate. In year 2005 inflat ion rate jumped to more than 9% and reduced to 7. 9% in year 2006. Following the route, in year 2008 petrol prices hit the highest price in Pakistan as high as 25. 0%. The State Bank of Pakistan is adopting the policy to tighten its monetary policy to preserve the growth of Pakistan. In year 2007 and 2008, the prominent rise in the international oil and food prices on combining with the internal political confusion leads to macroeconomics imbalances in Pakistan. In year 2008, Pakistan faced a balance of payment deficit. The government agreed to an International monetary standby agreement to overcome the balance of payment crisis. But all through year 2009-10 its current account strengthened and foreign exchange funds stabilized mainly due to reduced oil prices and record remittances from workers abroad. Unfortunately, in July-August 2010 the agriculture output reduced which contributed to a jump in inflation. Government funds were spent on the recreation and reconstruction which led to limited recourses with the government. Pakistan keeps on emphasizing on the reduction of poverty, illiteracy, terrorism and social protection. It also works hard to enhance the weakest sections of the society. Pakistan also has a vital infrastructure, especially in water management, transport, communication, education and energy. The economy is of Pakistan is divided into three sectors; agriculture, industry and services. The contribution to total GDP is mentioned below in terms of percentages. Agriculture includes farming, fishing and forestry. Industry includes mining, manufacturing, construction and power production. Services include communications, finance, transportation etc. The distribution will total less than 100% if the data is incomplete. Agriculture has a contribution of 21. 2% in the total GDP of Pakistan. Industry sector has 25. 4% share in the total GDP of Pakistan whereas services sector has the highest contribution of 53. 4%. Pakistan is facing economic and political instability these days. The government is also destabilized and losing its control. The rapid development of cities is a regular and a persistent demographic occurrence in most of the developing countries including Pakistan. This rise has led to an increase in the degree of urbanization. In Pakistan, the most recent study says that 34% of the people are living in urban areas and about 66% of people are living in rural areas. It has been predicted that the level of urbanization in 2015 would increase by 39. 5%. The most recent study, states that the growth rate of Pakistan is 1. 73% and the population density of Pakistan is 177. 37 people per sq. km. Pakistan is grouped with countries having moderate level of urbanization; it has the highest share of population living in cities (urban areas) among the South Asian countries. It has also been projected that about half of Pakistan’s population will be living in cities by the year 2030. Year 2011 has proved out to be another difficult year for the economy of Pakistan because it could only achieve the growth of 2. 4% against the target of 4. 5 %. This was even worse and weaker than the growth rate achieved in year 2010. The slowdown in the growth was predicted right at the time country suffered from devastating effects of the flood in August 2010. Growth was in a weak position, as the government had to transfer funds for the rehabilitation and recreational purposes for the flood victims. Another important factor that constrained growth was the energy crisis/power shortage in the country. Numbers of industries are shifted in Bangladesh due to energy shortfall, rising furnace oil prices, have forced power producers to run below capacity. The resulting shortage of power has added to the energy deficit to the country. If we look at the agriculture sector of Pakistan in detail we will come to know that it showed a strong improvement after the devastating impact of the floods in early 2011. This recovery was mainly due to livestock sector, along with minor crops and some major crops (wheat and sugarcane). Despite the significant losses caused by the floods, growth in the livestock subsector was adequate to provide much needed momentum to agriculture growth. Trade and payments is the backbone of the Pakistani economy, in year 2011 total exports recorded a constructive growth of 27. % for the period of first ten months (July-April) against an increase of 8. 0% in the similar time period of previous year 2010. In total, exports have gone up from $15,773. 2 million to $20,154. 2 million in the period. On the other side imports in the first ten months of the current year 2011have gone up with an increase of 14. 7% against the same period of the last year reaching to 32. 2%. Education is considered to be very important in any economy, if we look at the literacy rate of Pakistan basing on the age groups then we see (10 years and above age group ) the total literacy rate in year 2008-2009 was 57. % which has increased to 57. 7% in year 2009-2010, which increased by 0. 5% in the current year. And if we look at the literacy rate basing on the provinces wise then the literacy was as follows; Sindh 58. 2 percent; Punjab 59. 6 percent; Balochistan 51. 5 percent; Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa 50. 9 percent. Total expenditures budgeted for health services are Rs. 42. 0 billion out of which Rs. 18. 7 billion for development in health care centers and Rs. 23. 3 billion for current expenditures which is equal to 0. 23 percent of GDP which is 79 billion in contrast to previous year. Pakistan’s total population according to the census of 2011 is 177. 10 million and it is considered to be the 6th popular country in the world. And if the population keeps on increasing with the same tendency it will be 191. 7 million by year 2015 and 242. 1 million by 2030. The growth rate in Pakistan is calculated to be 2. 05 percent at present and the total fertility rate is 3. 5 children per woman. In Pakistan the life expectancy is 67. 9 for women and 64. 18 for men. And if we talk about the labor force of Pakistan we may conclude that it is the 9th largest country in the world basing on the size of its labor force which is 54. 2 million. Pakistan has given a great attention towards its infrastructure i. e. transport and communication and if we talk about the communication sector of Pakistan, then we may conclude that only 3 percent of the total population is using post paid connections whereas prepaid connection users are 97 percent. The total cellular subscribers have c rossed 102. 8 million so far in Pakistan. Now that we have given a glance at the current position of the economy of Pakistan, we need to know what Urbanization is. And why is it increasing at a very rapid pace in Pakistan? Urbanization: After going through the economy of Pakistan in detail, we now need to know what urbanization is. Urbanization is a transformation of rural life to urban life. Urbanization takes place when people living in rural areas (villages) decides to move to urban areas (cities or towns) to seek better living standards or for seeking better employment opportunities or to maximize their incomes. One of the definitions of urbanization is stated as, â€Å"Urbanization is the transformation of rural conditions (farms and small towns) to urban conditions (huge cities). We can also say that urbanization is the migration of population from rural areas to urban areas. † This definition tells us that urbanization takes place when a rural life transforms into an urban life. Rural life is a life where people work on farms and fields, whereas urban life is a complete opposite life where people work in big offices, they have better quality education, they dresses up professionally for their offices, they uses best possible ways of communication and transportation. Urban life provides us with better quality living, better education facilities, better job opportunities, better infrastructure and better entertainment facilities apart from work. Another definition that I would like to state here is, â€Å"The change in a country or a region which is caused by the movement of the population from rural to urban areas is known as urbanization. † The definition clearly explains that when people migrate from villages towards towns or cities, migration takes place. Migration of people from villages towards cities causes a change in that particular region where immigrants plan to live in. The changes that can be seen within that particular region may be more food consumption, increase in rate of unemployment, increase in rate of poverty, it may also effect literacy rate; mortality rates are also being affected. Another definition of urbanization that I came across is, â€Å"Urbanization can also be termed as the quick and huge growth of and migration to cities from the villages. Urbanization is the name for the movement of people from rural (villages) to urban areas (cities), thus results in increasing the population. † This definition is also similar to the above definition. This definition also makes clear that urbanization takes place when people of the rural areas tends to move towards the urban areas, this movement is quick and thus it increases the growth of the particular area of the cities as compared to rural life. By this definition we can come to know that apart from the increase of the population in any particular area of a city or movement of people from the rural areas. It is also more of a change in the employment sector; the industrialization sector; the service industry sector and also the agriculture sector. The definition is stated as, â€Å"The increase in the proportion of the population residing in towns, brought about by migration of rural populations into towns and cities, or the higher urban levels of natural increase resulting from the greater proportion of people of childbearing age in cities. Urbanization indicates a change of employment structure from agriculture and cottage industries to mass production and service industries. † Another definition that tells us that urbanization brings a change in the market size, health care services are also increased due to increase in the population size, transportation and communication services are also increased when urbanization takes place. Urbanization brings a change in many sectors either directly or indirectly, because many factors are dependent on urbanization. The definition that tells us about the changing factors and sectors is stated below. â€Å"Urbanization is the rapid population growth, increase in industrialization, increase in transportation and communication, increase in health services, increase in market size etc. † Urbanization comprises of population immigration to an already existing area or a town as a result of which causes expansion of that specific region at the expense of rural land. The process of a society transforming from rural to urban can be stated as urbanization. As the number of people moving into cities rise, urban centers expand too, erasing rural, agricultural and forestland in their wake. Urbanization mainly occurs due to the reasonable economic variations within both rural and urban areas. As agriculture is becoming more and more technologically advanced so it has now been replaced by machines and people are becoming jobless in rural areas because their work is being replaced by the machines. This has tended to move people from rural to urban areas because urban areas have ample job opportunities. In addition to above issue, urbanization is increasing rapidly because rural life and working on farms and fields is becoming unpredictable due to sudden happening of floods, deficiency of any other important seed, fertilizer or pesticides and deadly diseases which are fatal. On the contrary, urban areas posses’ great business opportunities, healthy jobs, better living standards and infinite number of services in terms of universities, schools, hospitals, housing, transportation etc. Great variety of entertainment sources, such as hotels, cinemas, discos, clubs, restaurants etc and many other leisure time places and events which forces people to move to urban areas. We can also say that urbanization is a flow of physical growth of urban areas which is bringing about a global change. The question arises in our minds that why do people choose to migrate? What are the reasons that people choose to plan a shift from rural living standard to an urban living standard? What are the consequences of this shift? To answer these questions, first of all we need to know what a city is. As old as species, people have gathered in the densely populated and highly structured areas, to which we call cities. Cities in the beginning were established 5,000 years ago, but from the past 200 years-with the advent and spread of industrial sector and with the increase in the global population which is rising with a prominent rate, which tells us that cities have grown considerably in size and number. In the beginning of the 20th century only one-tenth of a person lived in the cities, but today the proportion of urban and rural people is approximately equal. It has been estimated that by the start of 2025 about 2/3rd of the world's population will live in the urban areas called cities. In the terms of economics, all cities are same basing on the following functions they perform; for example; manufacturing, retailing, and services (doctors, professors etc). These sources provides plenty of job opportunities for the individuals residing in the cities, thus it provides wealth which ultimately provides a better living standard. The larger a city is the more numerous and highly specialized its functions are. By contrast, smaller cities and towns have fewer functions, which tend to be of a more general nature. Karachi in Pakistan is the highly populated and has high density rate in comparison to other cities like Lahore and Islamabad etc. In large cities we find clinics and hospitals in wide range of places. Big food chains like Mc’Donalds, Kfc, Pizza hut etc are rarely seen in small cities but in the large cities we find them at every passing way. People are tending to move towards the cities because of the attractive opportunities, people of the cities are benefited from. There are lots of wealth opportunities in the cities, new business techniques are used to expand the business. Transportation is used which is considered to be the fastest medium of travelling in the cities whereas in the rural areas people are still using bullock-carts. Cities with best facilities and the best opportunities have made life easier to live. People in the cities can live comfortably and spend a peace full life. They can also enjoy the luxuries of the lives. Whereas people n the rural areas have to travel to the cities, to grab the opportunities and facilities provided in the cities. Many of the people in the rural areas travel due to medical problems. As there is a lack of better hospitals and specialized doctors. Cities can also be defined basing on their social composition. Cities are typically places with a large, dense, and heterogeneous, or varied, population. As cities have expanded and mass communications which has dispersed urban values, however, it becomes increasingly difficult to identify a uniquely urban life style. Now if we compare an urban life with a rural life we get to know the following differences between the two. The contrast between the two has been discussed below. Urban life is the result of individual and corporate efforts, which tends to reduce expenses and time in communicating and transportation, also improves opportunities for jobs, education, housing, and transportation. Living in cities allows individuals along with their families to take benefits from efficient jobs and effective job-places, a worth living life style, and a marketplace competition. People are moving into cities to grab different opportunities provided in cities. In villages, it is difficult to improve one's standard of living beyond basic nourishment because the whole family is dependent on a small family farm. Farm living is dependent on volatile ecological conditions, and in times of deficiency, flood or deadly disease, survival becomes extremely difficult and challenging. Cities, in contrast, are the places where wealth, money, services are in abundance. Cities are the places where fortunes are made and where societal mobility is possible. Businesses, which create great number of job vacancies and excessive amount of capital, are generally situated in urban areas. Whether it is through buying and selling (trade) or tourism (sightseeing), it is all the way through the cities that foreign exchange flows into a country from another country. Therefore it is the wish of every individual living in the rural areas to move to cities and make abundance of money to send back home to their struggling families. There are enhanced and essential services as well in the cities that are not found in the villages. There are great varieties of jobs and plenty of job opportunities in urban areas as compared to the rural areas. Physical condition and physical health is another key factor. People, when become old and weak are mostly sent to cities for a better health check-up with the help of specialized doctors and hospital. There are also various attractive factors which becomes a reason that why people of the villages tend to move to the urban areas. Those factors includes cinemas, amusement parks, restaurants, shopping complexes and malls etc. other than entertainment it also provides a better quality of education, namely universities as compared to the rural areas. Effects of urbanization on Pakistani economy: Once we are done with the discussion about urbanization, life in cities, and the contrast of urban life with a rural life. We have to see what effects urbanization has on the economy of Pakistan. It can either have positive effects or negative effects, may be the mixture of both can also be seen. Urbanization in Pakistan has increased very rapidly as compared to any other South Asian country. The people who are migrating from rural to urban, are in search for a better quality of life, but they are totally unaware of the fact that their this move is resulting in a chaos in the urban areas, a burden on the economy as well as an adverse effect on the quality of life. This high, in fact very much high rate of urbanization has also resulted in an increase of  difficulties for the management  as well. Almost 3% to 4% of  the  national population is moving to urban areas every year. The economy of the country in case of GDP rate has improved a bit due to this urbanization. More jobs in manufacturing  and  service sectors have been created. About 27% of the GDP is being produced by the industrial sector . In the coming times, this huge urban population will definitely create a domestic market for goods and services and will provide with technically skilled and equipped manpower resulting in the definite rapid and certain growth  of  the country’s economy. The other important effect of this urbanization on the economy of Pakistan rather than the increase  in GDP is the growing manpower in the sectors of commerce and industry. Industries and private sectors have been a great increase factor in national income. They train their employees in their respective fields as well as in different  interrelated subjects. They provide them with a broader vision of their respective fields where they can create their own ideas, bring new ones, mould the old ones in better forms, thus being more productive and creative. This all multi-training and multi-tasking of  employees  results in the  progress and prosperity of their respective industries and firms. And this ultimately brings a positive effect on the economy, as the productivity increases with technical expertise and so does the income. Urbanization  has also paved the way for women empowerment as well as increase in women employment. Now women being more educated, confident and having vast visions are working together with men  almost in every field. The mutual  work environment  has provided an opportunity of exchange of ideas often where  new methods, new techniques and new ideas are just found turning things more productive and better. Employment of women along with men has raised the number of people working to a very high extent, and this has ultimately resulted in the betterment of economy where not just one is earning  for a family of six, in fact their partner is willing to accompany him/her too. Urbanization results in the increase of industrialization and services sector. People they shift their capital from farm industry to big industries and competitive markets, where they get a chance to maximize their capital and to earn a healthy livelihood for themselves and their families also. By shifting to urban areas they can provide a better life style and a very bright to future to their families and children. Urbanization can bring a change in their living standards, a change in their dressing, a change in their communication and a change in their behaviors. People who shift from rural areas are benefited from the facilities and opportunities available in the urban areas. The effect of urbanization on the economy is that people work in big offices, they have better quality education, they dresses up professionally for their offices, they uses best possible ways of communication and transportation. Urban life provides us with better quality living, better education facilities, better job opportunities, better infrastructure and better entertainment facilities apart from work. A lot of people claim that urbanization is the conventional outcome of economic growth, with the increase of skilled and trained craftsmen, merchants, and proprietors. Urban growth or urbanization brings an attraction for the people residing in rural areas. They get attracted by the luxuries, comforts and opportunities which people of cities are enjoying. Urbanization though has increased the chances of availability  of a better quality of life to the people who are migrating from rural areas to urban areas like towns and cities. They get better health care and educational facilities  as compared to their respective rural areas, yet they become  Ã‚  a reason of a high level burden on the country’s economy. The question is how? The high and fast wave of urbanization has  added a lot more to urban slums. Yet people are still migrating from rural to urban areas and this has resulted  in the increase of difficulty for the  management of the urban areas. The adjustment of these huge migrated masses and providing the basic facilities of  life, in fact quality life to them does not turns out to be an easy task for the management. These people being not highly educated  cannot go for the technical jobs, and what they do is either to get small  ordinary jobs, sitting idle at their homes  or  they earn by begging. All the pressure to feed these unemployed masses comes on the city, provincial or federal government. But how can a government feed them all when there is only 1 or no one to work and so many to eat? In Pakistan, almost 3-5 million people migrate from rural areas to urban  Ã‚  areas each year and approx. 40% of the Pakistani population now resides in the urban areas of the country. This has brought a great burden on the already burdened economy of Pakistan. The aids that are said to be given to Pakistan are mostly used for the military purposes, not in the economic growth sectors. Pakistani economy is really going through a crisis since last few years due to this war on terrorism. The immigrants from our neighboring country Afghanistan, aren’t residing in the rural areas of the country but in the urban ones. And the ones who lived in the rural ones have started migrating towards urban areas in order to secure their lives and children. This also is a burden on the economy, I mean a country whose economy cannot feed its own people properly, cannot provide them with a better quality of life, healthcare facilities, proper education; how can such a country  Ã‚  feed the refugees as well? But being a brotherly neighbour, Pakistan is giving its fullest support i. e. economical and social help to these refugees. They can get jobs anywhere they want to, live anywhere they want to. But the people who aren’t working at all, still need to be looked after by the government and a worse fact is that the ratio of such people isn’t very low, so the economy of Pakistan has been truly burdenized by this factor as well. This trend of urbanization has increased the number of beggars in the cities and towns. At some places there are special beggar mafias and begging has become a profession and a skilled art of  earning money quickly and easily. This thing is now being strictly seen by the government and strict measures have been taken now. This rapid urbanization has also paved the way for increasing crime rate in the  urban areas. When the people migrating from rural areas in spite of all their efforts aren’t able to find jobs or any means of earning, they indulge themselves in anti-state activities and different small and big crimes, because obviously they have to earn something to feed themselves and their families. In spite of all their efforts when they can’t find any legal or right opportunity or way to earn, they get themselves involve in illegal means of earning. The high crime rates involving every crime i. e. mall crime like mobile snatching, money snatching to big crimes like that of target killing or pre planned murders are amongst the most disastrous effects of this urbanization. This high crime rate results  in a frightened and disturbed society, where both, the quality as well as the  quantity of work being done is affected. This disturbs the standards of  economy by disturbing the work potentials of manpower. The consequential population from urbanization has also played an important role in increased crime rates in urban areas. This study of consideration may also be due to the variation in the behaviors of the people living in towns. Following are the factors due to which the crime rates are increasing: factors such as low income, availability of jobs, poverty etc. , and sometimes family conditions such as divorce, single parenthood, frustrated past due to any incident may also be related to increased crime rates. This rapid and high level wave of urbanization has very adversely affected the healthcare sector as well. The shortage of medicines, vaccines, unavailability of doctors, bad hygienic conditions at the hospitals, is some of the main after effects of this strong and fastest wave of urbanization. The  availability of health care facilities  to all its inhabitants is one of the most important and foremost duty of a state. The private sector here though provides much better facilities, is more equipped and trained and is quick than the  government sector, yet it isn’t in the reach of common man to get treated in the private sector because they charge too much for all these  healthcare services but the option of government  hospitals  is open to every commoner, where he can get a better health care service and all other facilities as well. But more population has adversely affected that healthcare sector too. The mess and rush of the people in the government hospitals is also affecting the health care sector. Another major problem in result of urbanization that is rapidly taking place in the economy of Pakistan is â€Å"poverty†. Poverty occurs when the basic food that is the necessity of living is out of the reach of the people. People starve, they beg, and they die because they cannot afford to have meal, three times a day that is merely due to the high inflation rates prevailing in Pakistan these days. Environment confronts and problems of Pakistan are linked first and foremost with an unfair social and economic expansion in the past few years. This challenge is additionally compounded with quick urbanization due to a change of population from rural to urban areas. Consequently, all main cities of Pakistan face unexpected and accidental growth leading to boost in the pollution. This unnoticed growth has taken us to the point where there is a creation of slums areas in the region of city’s edge. Ever since the metropolitan authorities and utility service supplier have confined boundaries in expanding their facilities, urban overcrowding, blocking and jamming is the main reason of ever weakening air and water quality, along with this solid waste management. Under the current scenario, the managers are facing problems in providing sufficient water facilities, improved sanitation and sewerages systems, healthy and hygienic health care services and to ensure a hale and hearty environment. Environmental poverty is primarily connected to poverty in Pakistan. Poverty is the chief obstacle in dealing with the surroundings and their related problems. The demand of the already diminishing natural resources is increasing in Pakistan. Since poor frankly rely on natural resources of the country for their living i. . agriculture, forestry, hunting, fisheries, etc. Poverty collective with a fast growing population and swiftly increasing urbanization is leading to create more and more pressure on the environment. As a result, there is a terrible need to work on poverty elimination. Considering this problem, Benazir Income Support Programme has organized by the current government, is anticipated to have an optimistic effect on poverty elimination. Urba nization is also causing a shortage of food and nutrition in Pakistani economy. Since a part of the population has decided to move to a particular area or a region of the city and it is becoming densely populated and the population size is increasing in a particular city so it is very natural that the food and nutrition needs can’t be fulfilled and thus the economy of Pakistan faces a shortage of food and then it goes for a call to the foreign countries to fulfill its needs of those food items which ran short of supply in the market. This again disturbs the balance of payments of Pakistan. Apart from this agriculture is considered to be the backbone of the Pakistani economy. And Pakistan earns maximum foreign exchange by exporting the wheat, sugarcane, cotton etc as compared to any other items. Ever since urbanization is seen to be rapidly increasing, it is considered to be a setback for the economy of Pakistan because agricultural land is totally being neglected and left barren. This again will push us further towards failure as an economy as well as a nation. The statistical analysis is presented in chapter 2. Recommendations and conclusions are listed in chapter 3. Urbanization is closely related to modernization, industrialization, and rationalization. Urbanization also has adverse effects on the growing density in specific affected areas, mainly in large growing cities and often accompanied by number of other problems and after effects. Another major issue can also be disruption of agriculture uses. In addition to this, there would also be conflicting interests in terms of land use for rural and urban purposes. There would also be a negative impact on the agriculture of industry and also a loss of farm and forest land. Another prominent problem that arises from urbanization is the significant rise in respiratory problems in people living adjacent or very close to urban areas. Following are the factors due to which the respiratory problem occurs are: vehicular and industrial emissions, the toxic smoke arising from the chimneys of the leather factories or tire manufacturing industries, mining and drilling tend to be responsible for greater level of toxins in the air. It has also been acknowledged that global warming is also a resulting problem from increased urbanization. There has also been seen adverse air quality in houses and buildings within urban areas due to air conditions outside the buildings and houses. Respiratory infections may also occur from excessive exposure to nitrogen oxides, which results in decreased lung function. The consequential population from urbanization has also played an important role in increased crime rates in urban areas. This study of consideration may also be due to the variation in the behaviors of the people living in towns. Following are the factors due to which the crime rates are increasing: factors such as low income, availability of jobs, poverty etc. , and sometimes family conditions such as divorce, single parenthood, frustrated past due to any incident may also be related to increased crime rates. Some of the issues of urbanization that can be seen in any economy are Employment; Sanitation; Housing; Sewerage; Water; Social welfare; Role of government; Political machines (controlling organizations); increased Crime rates; Respiratory problem. Employment problem occurs when there are less job opportunities or may be due to Less capabilities amongst the people of the rural areas, this problem can be seen due to lack of technical education. People living in urban areas get technical education to achieve the highest rank of designations in the offices or their work places. Increased rates of urbanization can also cause an increase in the crime rates. Increased crime rates are due to frustration caused amongst the people when they are unemployed or any other personal/family problems like divorce and single parent upbringing. When the population increases in a particular region of the city many other problems are seen like housing, sanitation problems and transportation problems etc. , this causes frustration amongst the people thus increasing the crime rates. Sometimes government is also biased towards the immigrants. This also causes a gap amongst the people.

Plantation Society in the Caribbean today Essay

There is still evidence of the plantation society within the modern Caribbean Society. This evidence can be seen from first analyzing various aspects of the plantation system or society, such as the; lifestyle, mentality, social structure and economic model associated with this social system. Then a comparison will be made between the plantation and modern Caribbean societies in relation to these aspects, to show their relevance in the modern Caribbean society. The era of slavery which occurred in the Caribbean during the 16th to 19th centuries put into place a social and political order which formed the social structure and class related lifestyles of the plantation system. The social structure of the plantation society was static and pyramidal in design. At the top of the social pyramid was the white ruling class or the planter class which consisted of the white plantation owners and those who were closely associated with them. Directly under the white ruling class was the mixed or mullatto population along with the poor whites and free people of colour, who still contributed to social fabric of the society despite not having much political power. At the very bottom of the social pyramid was the Black and non-white labour class and within this class itself existed racial divisions and a labour hierarchy. Therefore, it can be seen from examining the various classes within the plantations system’s social structure that the plantation society was composed of various ethnicities. For the most part a major portion of the labourers were African, but due to the various racial groupings within the plantation societies across the Caribbean, these societies were considered to be culturally plural. This population mix influenced the character of society in many ways such as in the way that certain cultural groups would only be seen together when there was an economic related activity. It was therefore not uncommon to find on a plantation society two or more racial and cultural groups living side by side but also having minimal social or cultural intercourse. Another example  of how the character of the society was influenced by the population mix can be seen from the fact that during this time whoever was the owner of the plantation was automatically deemed the super-ordinate group in the wider society and the plantation workers were of the subordinate group. Social and economic power was concentrated with the super-ordinate group, and thus real political and legislative power had only resided with them. Before examining the political development or lack thereof ,we must first consider the social construct and its relevance to today, during the plantation era the society was made of a majority of unskilled workers, large areas of land devote to production and the working class was excluded from majorly centralized decision making due to the rigid social hierarchy. Today we can still see evidence of the working class being excluded in this way and now to a lesser but still significant extent due to a somewhat rigid social hierarchy, where evidence of this can be seen by the difficulty present to move up the social ladder and relatively minor effort needed to maintain ones social standing. Bearing in mind the description of the social construct of the past, let’s consider the changes which ensued leading to the present day model, the social hierarchy moved from a rigid to a forcefully mobile structure which was brought on by the changes caused by emancipation and the mass immigration that followed, the criteria for bettering ones social standing moved from the color of one’s skin to a less rigid even though still difficult criteria to include educational, occupational and economic status, another change which allowed for the differences in the post emancipation period was the bankruptcy and consequent migration of the whites back to Europe making space for the upward movement of both colored as well as black individuals not only in the social scheme of things but also in the political arena leading to an increase of colored individuals in power and a decrease in white control at least directly. By the latter part of the twentieth century, these middle cla sses (mostly the black and brown educated and professional elite) controlled the leadership positions of political parties and states throughout the region. The evolution of the colored middle class to power lead to many serious struggles with the white powers, these struggles included the struggle for greater democratic participation for the majority  black population and the struggle for political independence from European control which was eventually achieved at least physically even though it is quite arguable that mentally the European control persist, the realization of political power and independence by the national black and brown elite did not necessarily shatter the foundations of white domination throughout the region. Although it can be said that politically there has been great changes leading to the physical political emancipation of today’s society from that of the plantation society the economic power was still in the hands of the expatriate white ownership classes even after political independence was won in the 1960s, and the Caribbean racial formations spawned by slavery and colonialism are still intact. From an economic standpoint we can also say that the plantation is still with us. During the era of the plantation we saw two distinct developments, one was the clearly distinct stagnant economical hierarchy which eventually evolved in the times of emancipation to a slightly mobile economical hierarchy however in both forms the separating factor was clear race and type of education, placing the white planter class at the top and the freed or slaved blacks at the bottom, the other characteristic was the clear goal of the economy not to better the masses but to improve or maximize the profit for the plantation, these two main characteristics of the economic plantation society is still seen today, although because of hierarchy mobility blacks have been allowed to rise in status they are still clear restrictions to this such as the need for a European education to make it in society meaning that although black the top tier blacks are deep within the influence of the European mentality. That being said the majority of the top tier economically standing people are still white and the majority of the lower class are black which is still in keeping with the economic stratification of the plantation society. the second characteristic of the plantation society which was the profit of the plantation which today would be the profit of the organization can still be seen and is explain in various theories where we can see that the working class is still exploited for the profit of the higher class and is allowed by the political power in order to make the rich richer and the poor poorer which can be said to also contribute to the clear differences and difficulty associated with  economical hierarchy. the persistence of these traits as well as the seeming acceptance of them as normal is clear evidence of the persistence of the economical plantation society today. Caribbean societies today can still be seen as plural societies, some more than others. Present day plural societies can be seen on islands such as Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana and Suriname. The actual pluralities of the modern Caribbean societies can be characterized by divisions of race, ethnicity, religion and cultural differences, to mention a few major elements while others like economic disparities and political membership can also be seen to form division. In societies today there still exist a hierarchy of social class; the upper class, middle class and the lower class. The upper class is an elite group of people who occupy the highest position in the social hierarchy. The members of this social group are wealthy and may have great social and political power and influence. The middle class is socio-economically located between the upper class and the lower class and comprises of a group of people of the contemporary society. The lower class also called the working class is mad e up of the socio economic groups who are often working for low wages and would include the skilled and unskilled workers. The middle and working classes make up the masses while the upper class is seen as the minority but the upper class still holds most of the polical and social power within the society as was with the plantation society where the hierarchy was divided in the super-ordinate and the subordinates. People are born into a class structure and it is difficult to leave the social bracket on an upward movement. For example people born in the upper class structure will be more than likely to stay in that structure for their entire lives and in the middle and lower classes while there still is a slight chance of changing their social status. The hierarchy that embodies the plantation society is evident in the today’s society in housing, jobs, lifestyles, prestige, colour of skin, image, wealth, opportunities, education and background to mention a few factors. Housing is an example of class separation embodies the hierarchy of class. Some neighborhoods are just exclusive to members of the upper class. For example the gated communities where in that neighbourhood there is a gate separating that neighbourhood from the surrounding neighbourhoods. Also  there are neighbourhoods that are exclusive to the working class, for examples developments and housing areas. Racism still exists in society today but to a lesser extent where some People are still denied jobs and positions because of the colour of their skin and also hired for jobs based on the colour of their skin. In many organizations the owners are whites who are of the upper social class and their subordinates are persons from the working classes and middle classes. It can be said therefore that from a social structure and an economical standpoint there are remnants of the plantation society in the Caribbean today however there has also been many changes including social mobility and political control which makes today’s society different is some ways but similar in many from that of a plantation society Criticism of the plantation society model The plantation model/theory in identifying the characteristics of the social and political structure of plantation societies has provided from critical errors; Theory does not provide a direction for moving forward or combating the negative remnants of the plantation society. Does not consider in its analysis the effects of the injection of other racial/cultural groups such as the Chinese into these plantation societies. Again the assumption of the theory is that plantation societies are homogenous. Does not take into account the effects of migration on the demographic, economic and cultural patterns which emerge in the post-emancipation era. Does not take into consideration the activities to combat racial, political and economic discrimination mounted by local community based organizations such as the, land cooperatives, the UNIA and the labour movement of the 1930s. Does not account for the development of a large-scale afro and indo-peasantries which existed in the post emancipation period which saw land moving into the hands of black and other non-white groups. a crucial group within the matrix of the said society and economy was ignored; that is the poor whites and the free people of colour. It therefore implicitly argues that this group did not contribute to the social, political and economic organization of the plantation society. By ignoring this group the analysis of the plantation societies as it existed under slavery is skewed toward the small white elite  and large African/East Indian labour force; which were not the only. References Sidney W. Mintz: â€Å"Caribbean Society.† c. 1968 Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. David Watts 1987 The West Indies: Patterns of Development†¦ Beckford, George.The Plantation Model in Christine Barrow and Rhoda Reddock (eds.) Caribbean Sociology: Introductory Readings. Ian Randle Publishers; Kingston Jamaica, 2001. Best, Lloyd.â€Å"The Contribution of George Beckford.† Social and Economic Studies. Vol. 41, No. 3, September 12 ISSN: 0037-7651. ————-â€Å"Models of a Pure Plantation Economy.† Social and Economic Studies. Vol. 17, No. 3, September 168. Thomas, C.Plantations, Peasants and State, ISER, U.W.I, Mona, 1984.