Understanding The Objectives Of Trade Unions

Understanding The Objectives Of Trade Unions Trade unions represent individual workers when they have a problem at work. If an employee feels he is being unfairly treated, he can ask the union representative to help sort out the difficulty with the manager or employer. Unions also offer their members legal representation. Normally this is to help people get financial compensation for work-related injuries or to assist people who have to take their employer to court. Negotiation is where union representatives, discuss with management, the issues which affect people working in an organization. There may be a difference of opinion between management and union members. Trade unions negotiate with the employers to find out a solution to these differences. Pay, working hours, holidays and changes to working practices are the sorts of issues that are negotiated. In many workplaces there is a formal agreement between the union and the company which states that the union has the right to negotiate with the employer. In these organizations, unions are said to be recognized for collective bargaining purposes. Voice in decisions affecting workers The economic security of employees is determined not only by the level of wages and duration of their employment, but also by the managements personal policies which include selection of employees for lay offs, retrenchment, promotion and transfer. These policies directly affect workers. The evaluation criteria for such decisions may not be fair. So, the intervention of unions in such decision making is a way through which workers can have their say in the decision making to safeguard their interests. Member services During the last few years, trade unions have increased the range of services they offer their members. These include: Education and training Most unions run training courses for their members on employment rights, health and safety and other issues. Some unions also help members who have left school with little education by offering courses on basic skills and courses leading to professional qualifications. Legal assistance As well as offering legal advice on employment issues, some unions give help with personal matters, like housing, wills and debt. Financial discounts People can get discounts on mortgages, insurance and loans from unions. Welfare benefits One of the earliest functions of trade unions was to look after members who hit hard times. Some of the older unions offer financial help to their members when they are sick or unemployed. 3.2 Functions of Trade Unions Trade unions perform a number of functions in order to achieve the objectives. These functions can be broadly classified into three categories: (i) Â  Militant functions, (ii) Fraternal functions 3.2.1 Militant Functions One set of activities performed by trade unions leads to the betterment of the position of their members in relation to their employment. The aim of such activities is to ensure adequate wages secure better conditions of work and employment and get better treatment from employers, etc. When the unions fail to accomplish these aims by the method of collective bargaining and negotiations, they adopt an approach and put up a fight with the management in the form of go-slow tactics, strike, boycott, gherao, etc. Hence, these functions of the trade unions are known as militant or fighting functions. Thus, the militant functions of trade unions can be summed up as: To achieve higher wages and better working conditions To raise the status of workers as a part of industry To protect labors against victimization and injustice 3.2.2 Fraternal Functions another set of activities performed by trade unions aims at rendering help to its members in times of need, and improving their efficiency. Trade unions try to foster a spirit of cooperation and promote friendly relations and diffuse education and culture among their members. They take up welfare measures for improving the morale of workers and generate self confidence among them. They also arrange for legal assistance to its members, if necessary. Besides, these, they undertake many welfare measures for their members, e.g., school for the education of children, library, reading-rooms, in-door and out-door games, and other recreational facilities. Some trade unions even undertake publication of some magazine or journal. These activities, which may be called fraternal functions, depend on the availability of funds, which the unions raise by subscription from members and donations from outsiders, and also on their competent and enlightened leadership. Thus, the fraternal functions of t rade unions can be summed up as: To take up welfare measures for improving the morale of workers To generate self confidence among workers To encourage sincerity and discipline among workers To provide opportunities for promotion and growth To protect women workers against discrimination 3.3 Importance of Trade Unions The existence of a strong and recognized trade union is a pre-requisite to industrial peace. Decisions taken through the process of collective bargaining and negotiations between employer and unions are more influential. Trade unions play an important role and are helpful in effective communication between the workers and the management. They provide the advice and support to ensure that the differences of opinion do not turn into major conflicts. The central function of a trade union is to represent people at work. But they also have a wider role in protecting their interests. They also play an important educational role, organizing courses for their members on a wide range of matters. Seeking a healthy and safe working environment is also prominent feature of union activity. Trade unions help in accelerated pace of economic development in many ways as follows: By helping in the recruitment and selection of workers. By inculcating discipline among the workforce. By enabling settlement of industrial disputes in a rational manner. By helping social adjustments. Workers have to adjust themselves to the new working conditions, the new rules and policies. Workers coming from different backgrounds may become disorganized, unsatisfied and frustrated. Unions help them in such adjustment. Trade unions are a part of society and as such, have to take into consideration the national integration as well. Some important social responsibilities of trade unions include: promoting and maintaining national integration by reducing the number of industrial disputes incorporating a sense of corporate social responsibility in workers achieving industrial peace 3.4 Reasons for Joining Trade Unions The important forces that make the employees join a union are as follows: 1. Greater Bargaining Power The individual employee possesses very little bargaining power as compared to that of his employer. If he is not satisfied with the wage and other conditions of employment, he can leave the job. It is not practicable to continually resign from one job after another when he is dissatisfied. This imposes a great financial and emotional burden upon the worker. The better course for him is to join a union that can take concerted action against the employer. The threat or actuality of a strike by a union is a powerful tool that often causes the employer to accept the demands of the workers for better conditions of employment. 2. Minimize Discrimination the decisions regarding pay, work, transfer, promotion, etc. are highly subjective in nature. The personal relationships existing between the supervisor and each of his subordinates may influence the management. Thus, there are chances of favoritisms and discriminations. A trade union can compel the management to formulate personnel policies that press for equality of treatment to the workers. All the labor decisions of the management are under close scrutiny of the labor union. This has the effect of minimizing favoritism and discrimination. 3. Sense of Security The employees may join the unions because of their belief that it is an effective way to secure adequate protection from various types of hazards and income insecurity such as accident, injury, illness, unemployment, etc. The trade union secure retirement benefits of the workers and compel the management to invest in welfare services for the benefit of the workers. 4. Sense of Participation the employees can participate in management of matters affecting their interests only if they join trade unions. They can influence the decisions that are taken as a result of collective bargaining between the union and the management. 5. Sense of Belongingness Many employees join a union because their co-workers are the members of the union. At times, an employee joins a union under group pressure; if he does not, he often has a very difficult time at work. On the other hand, those who are members of a union feel that they gain respect in the eyes of their fellow workers. They can also discuss their problem with the trade union leaders. 6. Platform for self expression the desire for self-expression is a fundamental human drive for most people. All of us wish to share our feelings, ideas and opinions with others. Similarly the workers also want the management to listen to them. A trade union provides such a forum where the feelings, ideas and opinions of the workers could be discussed. It can also transmit the feelings, ideas, opinions and complaints of the workers to the management. The collective voice of the workers is heard by the management and give due consideration while taking policy decisions by the management. 7. Betterment of relationships another reason for employees joining unions is that employees feel that unions can fulfill the important need for adequate machinery for proper maintenance of employer-employee relations. Unions help in betterment of relations among management and workers by solving the problems peacefully. 3.5 Trade Unionism in India The trade unionism in India developed quite slowly as compared to the western nations. Indian trade union movement can be divided into three phases. The first phase (1850 to1900) During this phase the inception of trade unions took place. During this period, the working and living conditions of the labor were poor and their working hours were long. Capitalists were only interested in their productivity and profitability. In addition, the wages were also low and general economic conditions were poor in industries. In order to regulate the working hours and other service conditions of the Indian textile laborers, the Indian Factories Act was enacted in 1881. As a result, employment of child labor was prohibited. The growth of trade union movement was slow in this phase and later on the Indian Factory Act of 1881 was amended in 1891. Many strikes took place in the two decades following 1880 in all industrial cities. These strikes taught workers to understand the power of united action even though there was no union in real terms. Small associations like Bombay Mill-Hands Association came up by this time. The second phase (1900 to 1946) This phase was characterized by the development of organized trade unions and political movements of the working class. Between 1918 and 1923, many unions came into existence in the country. At Ahmedabad, under the guidance of Mahatma Gandhi, occupational unions like spinners unions and weavers unions were formed. A strike was launched by these unions under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi who turned it into a satyagrah. These unions federated into industrial union known as Textile Labor Association in 1920.In 1920, the First National Trade union organization (The All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC)) was established. Many of the leaders of this organization were leaders of the national Movement. In 1926, Trade union law came up with the efforts of Mr. N N Joshi that became operative from 1927. During 1928, All India Trade Union Federation (AITUF) was formed. The third phase began with the emergence of independent India (in 1947). The partition of country affected the trade union movement particularly Bengal and Punjab. By 1949, four central trade union organizations were functioning in the country: The All India Trade Union Congress, The Indian National Trade Union Congress, The Hindu Mazdoor Sangh, and The United Trade Union Congress The working class movement was also politicized along the lines of political parties. For instance Indian national trade Union Congress (INTUC) is the trade union arm of the Congress Party. The AITUC is the trade union arm of the Communist Party of India. Besides workers, white-collar employees, supervisors and managers are also organized by the trade unions, as for example in the Banking, Insurance and Petroleum industries. 3.6 Trade unions in India the Indian workforce consists of 430 million workers, growing 2% annually. The Indian labor markets consist of three sectors: The rural workers, who constitute about 60 per cent of the workforce. Organized sector, which employs 8 per cent of workforce, and The urban informal sector (which includes the growing software industry and other services, not included in the formal sector) which constitutes the rest 32 per cent of the workforce. At present there are twelve Central Trade Union Organizations in India: All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh (BMS) Centre of Indian Trade Unions (CITU) Hind Mazdoor Kisan Panchayat (HMKP) Hind Mazdoor Sabha (HMS) Indian Federation of Free Trade Unions (IFFTU) Indian National Trade Union Congress (INTUC) National Front of Indian Trade Unions (NFITU) National Labor Organization (NLO) Trade Unions Co-ordination Centre (TUCC) United Trade Union Congress (UTUC) and United Trade Union Congress Lenin Sarani (UTUC LS) FIGURES REGARDING TRADE UNIONS Table Showing Growth of Trade Unions and Membership is following below Growth of trade unions and membership 3.7 Industrial Relation Policy Prior to 1991, the industrial relations system in India sought to control conflicts and disputes through excessive labor legislations. These labor laws were protective in nature and covered a wide range of aspects of workplace industrial relations like laws on health and safety of labors, layoffs and retrenchment policies, industrial disputes and the like. The basic purpose of these laws was to protect labors. However, these protectionist policies created an atmosphere that led to increased inefficiency in firms, over employment and inability to introduce efficacy. With the coming of globalization, the 40 year old policy of protectionism proved inadequate for Indian industry to remain competitive as the lack of flexibility posed a serious threat to manufacturers because they had to compete in the international market. With the advent of liberalization in1992, the industrial relations policy began to change. Now, the policy was tilted towards employers. Employers opted for workforce reduction, introduced policies of voluntary retirement schemes and flexibility in workplace also increased. Thus, globalization brought major changes in industrial relations policy in India. The changes can be summarized as follows: Collective bargaining in India has mostly been decentralized, but now in sectors where it was not so, are also facing pressures to follow decentralization. Some industries are cutting employment to a significant extent to cope with the domestic and foreign competition e.g. pharmaceuticals. On the other hand, in other industries where the demand for employment is increasing are experiencing employment growths. In the expansionary economy there is a clear shortage of managers and skilled labor. The number of local and enterprise level unions has increased and there is a significant reduction in the influence of the unions. Under pressure some unions and federations are putting up a united front e.g. banking. Another trend is that the employers have started to push for internal unions i.e. no outside affiliation. HR policies and forms of work are emerging that include, especially in multi-national companies, multi-skills, variable compensation, job rotation etc. These new policies are difficult to implement in place of old practices as the institutional set up still needs to be changed. HRM is seen as a key component of business strategy. Training and skill development is also receiving attention in a number of industries, especially banking and information technology.

The Unnecessary Paranoia of Margaret Atwood’s Oryx and Crake Essay

The Unnecessary Paranoia of Margaret Atwood’s Oryx and Crake The novel Oryx and Crake by Margaret Atwood provides a dystopic vision of the outcome of unregulated pursuit of knowledge and control over nature. It is unlikely that the scenario portrayed in the novel would ever occur beyond fiction. The reason being the United States and many other countries already have regulating agencies and oversight commissions that would prevent scientists such as Crake from ever developing his ideas into reality. Atwood incorporates realistic experimental methods into her novel, which eventually lead to pigs being able to grow human organs, and creating â€Å"pigoons† that appear to be more horrific than Frankenstein himself. Consumers are the ones to decide what is put to use and what is not. There is a fine line between benefiting society and damaging society. This novel illustrates what may happen when that line is crossed a thousand times over; a horrific image. Atwood takes many of today’s scientific ideas with the potential to benefit so ciety and turns them into tomorrow’s nightmare and creates a false paranoia. However, without new scientific advancements or technology, there will be no hopes for those who are in critical health conditions; therefore, we should overlook the arbitrary ethical proclamations of certain groups of people, for genetic technological progression is the only key to the sustenance of the population in terms of being able to be cured from the infestation of nature. The pharmaceutical and biotech industries must be free to develop and research life saving medicines and other advancements that will benefit society. If this cannot be done, progress would never be made. People would still be contracting polio a... ...evailed and the world would continue to exist, unlike the novel. Atwood takes many of today’s potential scientific developments and illustrates the worst possible outcome of what may happen if we continue the unregulated pursuit of knowledge. In reality, the scientific advances of today will yield a higher standard of living for the majority of the world tomorrow. We will continue to push for the best in everything including science, medicine, and technology; we will not allow any single person to make the sole decision to develop an idea. Scientific progression will save many lives; therefore, it should and will always be there for us. Works Cited Atwood, Margaret. Oryx and Crake. New York: Anchor Books, 2003. Crow, Michael. â€Å"Harnessing Science to Benefit Society.† 9 Sept. 2004. AG BioTech InfoNet. http://www.biotech-info.net/harnessing_science.html>;.

Visitor Motivations to Attend Events

Table of contents Introduction1 Food and wine festival2 Sport event3 Music Festival5 Cultural events6 Analysis of motivation8 Common motivation factors8 Unique motivation factors9 Need for organiser9 Conclusion10 Bibliography11 Visitor Motivations to Attend Events Introduction Motivation is the force. Pinder, cited in Gallstedt (2003), defines motivation as ‘‘a set of energetic forces that originate both within as well as beyond an individual’s being to initiate work-related behaviours, and to determine its form, direction, intensity, and duration’’ (Gallstedt, 2003).Mullins (2008) describes motivation as this force which drives any person to show a specific behaviour towards any condition or situation or things. There are mainly two different natures of motivation one is come from person’s internal desire to do action. It is always self-applied and self accomplishment in individual. This kind of motivation is referring to the intrinsic motivat ion (Bratton et. al, 2010). While we discuss about the motivation of event visitor it also fall on this types of motivation visitor attend in the event to fulfil their personal desire.But there are different factors of motivation which fulfil visitors' desire. In the other hand extrinsic motivation works on external level of individuals. Every individual have expectation of external tangible outcomes like financial rewards, bonus, pay increase, profit share, and promotion in their job (Bratton et. al, 2010). The festival and events have extensively increased in number. Along with that its visitor also increased (Lee, 2000). Now a days events and festivals giving economy support to the hosting community or party. It's becoming an important tool for development for the community.Every year festivals and events are popular and visitor travel a long journey to participate. There are different kinds of events and festivals for example Sports, Cultural, Tourism, Music, Religious. Visitors of the events and festivals have their own purpose to attend on it. Each single visitor has motivation to attend on any kinds of events. In other words visitors' motivations to attend events and festivals are different. We can find visitor with different motivation in the same event. There are also some common motivational factors for visitors to attend different kinds of event above mention. e there are some common motivational factor in different kinds of events and different motivation factor in same event. There are some unique motivational factors for some events which we cannot find in other events. Here we are going to discuss about the common motivation factors of different kinds of festivals as Food festival, sport festival music festival and cultural festival and their unique motivation factor in each kinds of festival. Food and wine festival Food and wine festivals have becoming an important part of the special festival. It also an attraction points of tourist.Many touri sts attend food or wine festivals to taste foods and wine. They experience special types of food and wine from these kinds of festivals [ (Hall ; Mitchell, 2001) ]. As it is one of the important tourism activities Food and Wine festivals targeted to the tourist from international and local as well (Chang, 2011), (Chartersa ; Ali-Knightb, 2002). Chang 2011 study on the visitors' motivation to attend a food festival in the Old Town Spring SpringFest which is a regional food festival in Old Town organized every year in March. The town located 20 miles north of Houston, Texas. Old town is a historic 1900's railroad town.He studied the motivation of the visitor in 10,000 populations which is the number of visitors in the festival every year. After study of motivation of visitor from different demography like age, gender, marital status, education, income he came with many motivations factors in food festival. The top five dimensions of motivation and more other motivation factors are fun , to get out in the open air, heard about festival and it sounded like fun, for variety of things to see and do, to have a change from daily routine. He also found more activities which motivates visitors to attend in the festival.These are wine, escape, food, known group socialization, external socialization, art etc. Kwang-Soo, Park Yvette Reisinger Hyun-Jung Kang studied to identify the major factors that motivate visitors in wine and food festival. The objective of this study was to identify the major factors that motivated visitors to attend the South Beach Wine and Food Festival in Miami Beach, Florida, and determine whether these factors varied among the visitors from the United States, Canada, South America, Europe, and Asia. They survey on 475 visitors to South Florida. In this study Forty-four motivational items were analyzed.The top most motivational factors were the desire to taste new wine and food, enjoy the event, enhance social status, escape from routine life, meet new people, spend time with family, and get to know the celebrity chefs and wine experts. Yuan et. al (2004) were also done one research on visitor motivation on wine festival and conclude that most important single reason for visiting festival was wine testing. According to their study, education and learning about wine, meeting the winemaker, socialising and having a day out and entertainment were reasons for their attendance at the festival (Yuan et. l, 2004). From above studies we can understand some important motivational factors of food and wine festivals which are testing food and wine, knowledge about food and wine, socialization, fun, family togetherness, escape, change from daily routine etc. Sport event Sport events help to generate revenue. Sports events represent a major area of event revenue contributing economic benefits to cities and regions. Whilst explain that attendance at sports events is recognised as an important leisure and entertainment activity (Shamir ; Rus kin, 1984).Funk describe that visitors desire to watch sport event occurs within five stages which are need recognition, tension reduction , drive state, want pathway, and goal behaviour. Here this needs illustrates how a need recognised fulfil by seeking way that satisfy the need and received benefit from them (Funk, 2008). John Hall, Barry O’Mahony and Julian Vieceli (2010) study about the motivation of the visitor in sport event . Their study identifies the antecedents of sports event attendance among 460 respondents who were surveyed in Melbourne. Their study was related to the motivational factor for the sport.They combined the motives of visitor in seven different dimensions as entertainment; emotional arousal, back room, true fan, front room, event and social factor there are fun, excitement, the arousal, friend and family. They found that financial and economical condition also influence to the motivation. Price of tickets or perceived value of the sport product are f all into controlled factor which can controlled but the average income of the population and economic condition of the country are fall into uncontrolled factor which cannot controlled by event organiser.There are also some factors which called front room and back room factor. Back room factor are factors amenable to management control that contributes to the overall experience this includes parking, ease of getting a seat and stadium accessibility. Front room factor Facilities or elements of the event experience that are under the control of management. These front room factors relate to factors, which could be said to directly influence the spectator’s enjoyment of the event experience, which include alcohol and smoke free zones. True fan factor Attendees for whom the enjoyment of the game itself is most important.They are interested in the competitive nature of the event, the process the outcomes and the performance of the team or individual that they support. Kevin Filo, Daniel C. Funk and Danny O'Brien investigate motivates of the participants' attachment to a charity sport event. They come with four findings in which first was hobby of charity giving , second was social, reciprocity, self-esteem, need to help others in which they focused more on the charitable cause. Third group of attendants also motivated by the factors of second group but they are less focused on the charitable cause.Fourth finding of the study was the motives for charitable giving make a stronger contribution to attachment for an event with a more prominent charitable cause, while the recreation motives make a stronger contribution to attachment to an event with a less prominent charitable cause. Overall sport events have five to six dimensions of motivation to attract its visitors. Socialization, escape, Event attachment, Family and friends etc. furthermore there are some more motivational factors as true fan, drama, etc which we will discuss later. Music Festival Numbers of musical festival organised every year.According to Bowen, and Daniels (2005) music festivals are unique and special event which attract visitor to hear and view the performance (Bowen ; Daniels, 2005). They had done the research to find more about the motivations for attending a large, multi-day music festival. To find out motivation they conduct interview with visitor on the event site of Celebrate Fairfax, an annual music festival held in Virginia (USA). In the study difference factors of visitor's motivations were analyzed by dividing into three categories as Discovery, Music and Enjoyment.Factors included in these three categories were Increase knowledge of local culture, be with people from community, experience new and different things, recovery from hectic pace, listen to music, special appeal , family and friend togetherness, other non musical attraction, and party and have a fun. From the same study they try to find out whether music matters in musical festival or not? In t he answer of this question authors conclude that music is important to music festival but there are some visitor for them music is not more important.This study suggested that it is better to other non-musical factors in musical festivals. Because musical is no more important for some visitors attend on musical festival. To attract non-musical visitors event need to have some non-musical motivational factors such as socialization, fun and etc. along with musical performance. Gelder and Robinson also agreed with Bowen and Daniels that music festivals need some non-musical experience. When completed the comparative study of visitor motivation for music festival from Glastonbury and V Festival two largest music festivals in UK with 200,000 visitors.They suggested to V Festival, that it needs to include non-musical components on it as socialization, fun, and enjoyment [ (Gelder & robinson, 2009) ]. Formica and Uysal (1996) were analyzed Twenty-three motivation items including them into five different dimensions of motivation as excitement and thrills', socialization', entertainment', event novelty' and family togetherness' while comparing festival motivations of residents and non-residents for Umbria Jazz Festival in Italy.As a result they found socialization factor affect to the residential visitor and non residential visitor are motivated from ‘entertainment' factor (Formica ; Uysal, 1996). Cultural events There are different literatures and researches have done on motivation of visitor for cultural festival. In 1996 Schneider and Backman have done one study on motivation of the cultural festival visitor in Jerash Festival for culture and art festival of Jordan. In the study they tried to find out if the motivation factors are applicable for outside of North America or not?In that study they analyzed twenty three factors of motivation in five different dimensions as family togetherness/ socialization', social/leisure', festival attributes', escape' and eve nt excitement'. The result how that in spite of differences in importance of factors of motivations, the scale developed in United State was also reliable to other parts of the world like Arabic country and South Korea as well (Schneider & Backman, 1996). Formica and Uysal explored the motivation of visitor for ‘Spoleto Festival', a cultural festival in Italy in 1998.In the study they investigated on twenty-three motivation items with six factors as socialization/entertainment, event attraction/excitement', group togetherness', cultural/historical', family togetherness' and &site novelty. In the conclusion of the study they suggest that there are different in motivation between loyal and fair according to their age, income and marital status. (Formica & Uysal, 1998). In 2000 Lee compared the motivation factors of cultural festival between Caucasian and Asian visitors in the Asian setting of the Kyongju World Cultural Expo.In the expo there are performances from 48 different co untries. In his research, he studied on 32 motivation items categorising on seven different dimensions. The seven dimensions which studied by Lee were ‘cultural exploration', family togetherness', ‘escape', ‘novelty', ‘external group socialization', ‘event attractions' and known-group socialization'. From this study Lee found that the motivation level of Caucasian visitors was slightly high then of Asian visitors at Kyongju World Culture Expo. There was high motivation in regarding to cultural exploration and event attractions for both types of visitors.But the factor ‘family togetherness' found little bit weak to motivate in that expo (Lee, 2000). Lee et. al (2004) studied on the festival motivation by nationality and satisfaction. Purpose of the study was to find out the importance of festival market segmentation based on visitor motivation for promotion of event or festival. To study about segmentation of visitor they select the 2000 Kyongju Wo rld Culture Expo organised in Kyongju, South Korea. In the expo over 9000 artists from different countries performed for 87 days between September to November. According to this article More than 1. million visitors visited the expo in 2000. In this study authors identified six motivation dimensions for visitors attending the 2002 World Culture Expo as cultural exploration, family togetherness, novelty, escape, event attractions, and socialization. Among all dimensions cultural exploration found the high portion of motivation in visitors (Lee, Lee, & Wicks, 2004). Analysis of motivation Common motivation factors After reviewing the work of different authors on motivation of events visitor, we can conclude that most of motivation items in every kinds of events are common. e can combine them in five to seven different dimensions as socialization, family togetherness, novelty, escape, event attractions/ Novelty, learn and explore culture and Excitement or thrills (Chang, 2011) (Bowen & Daniels, 2005) (Formica & Uysal, 1996). Socialization: socialization is a desire to interact with a group and its members. There are two types of socialization internal and external socialization. Internal means being with friend or the people already know. External means meeting new people. Family togetherness: this is the desire to enhance family relationship.People motivated by this factor attend event to seek the opportunity to be with family, relatives and friends. At the same time they have desire of doing things together. Escape: Escape from daily routine and the things which we see or do everyday. It is a Desire to have change in usual demands of life, and desire to have some change to minimize the life’s stresses. Learning or exploring cultures – learn about or explore other cultures. Visitors motivated with this factor have a desire to gain knowledge on different kinds of cultural practices and celebrations. Excitement or thrills – desire to do some s timulation things.People excited to do these kinds of activities. Event novelty – this is the desire to do unique and new things. Every this is related to the curiosity of person. Visitor wants to do new and different things and or attending a festival that is unique. Sourse: (Foster & Robinson, 2010) (Bowdin et. al, 2011) Unique motivation factors In spite of common motivation items in every kind of events, there are some unique motivation factors for different events. For example the motivation item ‘food testing' is only applicable for food festival. Visitor may not motivate to attend in cultural expo with this motivation.According to Chang (2011) study more then one third visitor of food and wine festivals motivated with food and wine items. They have a desire to test, purchase, being familiar, increase knowledge about the food and wine (Chang, 2011). Sport event have also unique motivation factor called true fan (Hall, O’Mahony, & Vieceli, 2010). In the word s of Allison 2001, â€Å"True fans stand on terraces, they shout and sing and sometimes fight; they talk of the club as ‘we' or ‘us' and measure their lives in remembered result; they get as much misery as joy from the whole thing† (Allison, 2001, p. 51). For true fan attendees for in the event it is most important. Mostly they are interested in competitive nature of events (Hall, O’Mahony, & Vieceli, 2010). Bowen and Daniels (2005) wrote about the music festival that attract audiences for a variety of reasons but enjoying the artists’ performance is popular motivational factor for music festival or event (Pagg & Patterson, 2010) Motivation: Need to Know by Organiser As a event organiser or manager its important to understand the motives of event visitor.There are different researches, and studies which have suggestions for event managers which make clear why a manager or an organiser need to know motivation in order to organise events or festivals. Manager need to include more activities that not specifically related to the main Purpose of the event. For example Bowen and Daniels study on the topic ‘Does Music Matter? ‘ and come with the result that: music is important to music festival but there are some visitors for them music is not more important.So its better to make festival environment where visitor can socialize, fun and some non-musical experience along with music performance (Bowen & Daniels, 2005). Manager need to understand and offer key motives of events. From above study we find some key motives of visitor to attend events. As an event manager understanding of motivational factor is important to design and serve the product according to visitors desire to receive or being served (Gelder & robinson, 2009). It is important for event manager to Analysis of motivations for festival attendance for market segmentation and effective promotion.Lee suggest manager that for planning events and festival, motivat ion analysis is important to identify different needs and to segment target markets (Lee, 2000). Conclusion After study of motivations for different kinds of events, here we can combine the common motivation items in some dimension as socialization, family togetherness, novelty, escape, event attractions/ Novelty , learn and explore culture and Excitement or thrills. Which we can say the common factors that attract the visitors to attend for every kinds of events. in spite of this common factor there are some unique motivational item for each events or festival.For event organiser it is important to know the about motivation of event visitor. It helps event manager to design the event, serve the visitors and make better understanding between visitors and organisers. Bibliography Allison, L. (2001). Amateurism in sport: an analysis and a defence(Sport in the global society). Great Britain: Routledge. Aswathappa, K. (2007). Human Resource And Personnel Management. New Delhi: Tata McGr aw-Hill Education. Bowdin, G. , Allen, J. , O'Toole, W. , Harris, R. , ; McDonnell, I. (2011). Events Management (3 rd ed. ). Great Britain: Elsevier Ltd.Bowen, H. E. , ; Daniels, M. J. (2005). Does the music matter? Motivations for attending a music festival. Event Management , 9, 155–164. Bratton, J. , Forshaw, C. , Callinan, M. , ; Sawchuk, P. (2010). Work and Organizational Behaviour: Understanding the Workplace. Palgrave Macmillan. Chang, W. (2011). A teste of tourism: Visitors, motivations to attend a food festival . Event Management , 15, 151–161. Chartersa, S. , ; Ali-Knightb, J. (2002). Who is the wine tourist? Tourism Management , 23 (3), 311–319. Filo, K. , Funk, D. C. , ; O'Brien, D. (2011).Examining Motivation for Charity Sport EventParticipation: A Comparison of Recreation-Basedand Charity-Based Motives. Journal of Leisure Research , 43, 491-518. Formica, S. , & Uysal, M. (1996). A market Segmentation of festival visitor: Umbria Jazz Festival in It aly, . Festival Management and Event Tourism , 3 (4), 175-181. Formica, S. , & Uysal, M. (1998). Market Segmentation of an International Cultural-Historical Event in Italy. Journal of Travel Research , 36, 16-24. Foster, K. , & Robinson, P. (2010). A Critical Analysis of the Motivational Factors That Influence EventAttendance in Family Groups. Event Management , 14, 107–125. Funk, D. C. (2008). Consumer Behaviour in Sport and Events:Marketing Action. ElsevierLtd. Gelder, G. , & robinson, P. (2009). A critical comparative study of visitor motivation for attending music festivals: A case study of Glastonbury and V festival. Event Management , 13, 181-196. Gorman, P. (2004). Motivation and emotion. Routledge. Hall, C. , & Mitchell, R. (2001). Special interest tourism: Context and cases. In N. Douglas. N Douglas & R Derrett (Eds. ). Wine and food tourism , 307-329. Hall, J. O’Mahony, B. , & Vieceli, J. (2010). An empirical model of attendance factors at major sporting even ts. International Journal of Hospitality Management , 29, 328–334. HIXSON, E. J. , MCCABE, S. V. , & BROWN, G. (2011). EVENT ATTENDANCE MOTIVATION AND PLACE ATTACHMENT AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF YOUNG RESIDENTS IN ADELAIDE, SOUTH AUSTRALIA. Event Management , 15, 233-243. Lee, C. -K. (2000). A comparative study of Caucasian and Asian visitors to a Cultural Expo in an Asian setting. Tourism Management , 21, 169-176. Lee, C. -K. , Lee, Y. -K. , & Wicks, B. E. (2004).Segmentation of festival motivation by nationality and satisfaction. Tourism Management , 25, 61-70. Pagg, S. , & Patterson, I. (2010). Rethinking Music Festivals as a Staged Event:Gaining Insights from Understanding VisitorMotivations and the Experiences They Seek. Journal of Convention & Event Tourism , 11, 85–99,. Park, K. -S. , Reisinger, Y. , & Kang, H. -J. (2008). Visitors' Motivation for attending the south beach wine and food festival, Miami Beach Florida. Journal of Travel ; Tourism Marketing , 25 (2), 161-181. Schneider, I. E. , ; Backman, S.J. (1996). Cross-cultural equivalence of festival motivations: a study in Jordan. Festival Management and Event Tourism , 4 (4), 139-144. Shamir, B. , ; Ruskin, H. (1984). Sport Participation vs. Sport Spectatorship: Two Modes of Leisure Behavior. Journal of Leisure research , 16 (1), 9-21. Wamwara-Mbugua, L. W. , ; Cornwell, T. B. (2010). Visitor motivation to attending international festivals . Event Management , 13, 277-286. Wann, D. L. , Grieve, F. G. , Zapalac, R. K. , ; Pease, D. G. (2008). Motivational Profiles of Sport Fansof Different Sports.Sport Marheting Quarterly , 17, 6-19. Won, J. -u. , ; Kitamura, K. (2007). Comparative Analysis of Sport Consumer Motivations between South Korea and Japan. Sport MarHeting Quarterly , 16, 93-105. Working conditions in projects: perceptions of stress and motivation among project team members and project managers2003International Journal of Project Management 21449-455 Yuan, J. (. , Cai, L. A. , M orrison, A. M. , ; Linton, s. (2004). An analysis of wine festival attendees motivations:A synergy of wine, travel and special event. Journal of vacation marketing , 11 (4), 41-58.

Behaviour Support Program Free Essay Example, 2000 words

ehaviour Support Program for Ian Introduction This Behaviour Support Program (BSP) is targeted at Ian, a child suffering from Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Treatment and Education of Autistic and Communication related handicapped CHildren (TEACCH) was adopted in this program. Ian has been noticed to have symptoms of ASD to warrant an early intervention program to support improvement in his behaviour. 2. Program’s behavioral objectives While this writer’s BSP essentially captures the coterminous integral variables within the defined spectrum of autistic child’s behaviour, a priori and a posteriori articulations of theoretical paradigms on enabling and empowerment, enhancement and rational sustenance presume the equally compelling need for a broader approach to deductive reasoning, inductive/reflective acculturation process and application in the predefined school environment of the autistic child. The writer/therapist in this paper places emphasis on the school/classroom environmental paradigm as the basis for the synthesis of the triangular process of observation/coping, intervention/empowerment and follow up (Sicile-Kara and Grandin, 2003). Next, in the process of application in the professional environment, the professional psychotherapist would immensely benefit from prior learning and intelligence in creating and sustaining effective intervention if such intervention helps the professional to increase by significant margins the application related environment-based learning/teaching outcomes. We will write a custom essay sample on Behaviour Support Program or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Such margins have to be defined with reference to a measurable framework of metrics such as on a range of positive achievements, e.g. greater degree of participation by the subjects as defined in the BSP. Nonetheless purely theoretical constructs are less likely to have a conclusively proven benchmark of success on the practical parameters in the actual practice environment. Cognitive behavioural dimensions were adopted as the main criterion for this BSP by the writer. It is due to the fact that cognitive behavioural dimensions of the autistic child would facilitate this kind of study. 3. Strategies This therapist adopted TEACCH as a strategic intervention technique through continuous involvement. However, rather than placing emphasis on clinical services this therapist placed emphasis on didactic techniques. In addition training and instruction were adopted in the classroom environment. The therapist carried out series of one-on-one observations of Ian’s behaviour before designing a coping up strategy.

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Essay about Consultation Advocacy - 1935 Words

Consultation and Advocacy COUN5004 Abstract This paper discusses the importance of both social justice and consultation in the field of counseling. The introduction is an explanation of social justice advocacy, consultation, how it is related to the Marriage and Family counseling, and the different strategies and steps counselors take to advocate for their clients. Next, I discussed how advocacy is related to myself while I become a professional counselor in the area of specialization and my beliefs about advocacy and consultation having similarities and differences. Next, I discussed how advocacy benefits the care provided for children, adolescents, adults, couples, and families related to the specific specialty area in which I am†¦show more content†¦As a marriage and family therapist I will be working with clients of all ages, ethnicities, genders, sexual orientations, religions, and disabilities. It will be my overall responsibility to positively help clients on psychological issues that are too hard to handle the mselves. Advocacy stands out the most when I relate it to the area of specialization I plan to pursue. Advocacy is helping clients change for the better by speaking to the client and helping them cope with their struggles while finding solutions to overcome these difficulties. I will advocate for families, couples, teens, and children. This will take a lot of different training and experience to be able to successfully help the clients improve their psychological well-being. Advocacy is known as the removal of external and institutional barriers to the client’s well-being. Further, Lewis, Lewis, DAndrea amp; Daniels (1998), stated that advocacy serves two primary purposes: (1) increasing clients sense of personal power and (2) fostering environmental changes that reflect greater responsiveness to their personal needs. (p. 172). 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Solar Cell Essay Example For Students

Solar Cell Essay Solar cellsSolar cells today are mostly made of silicon, one of the most commonelements on Earth. The crystalline silicon solar cell was one of the firsttypes to be developed and it is still the most common type in use today. They do not pollute the atmosphere and they leave behind no harmful wasteproducts. Photovoltaic cells work effectively even in cloudy weather andunlike solar heaters, are more efficient at low temperatures. They do theirjob silently and there are no moving parts to wear out. It is no wonderthat one marvels on how such a device would function. To understand how a solar cell works, it is necessary to go back tosome basic atomic concepts. In the simplest model of the atom, electronsorbit a central nucleus, composed of protons and neutrons. each electroncarries one negative charge and each proton one positive charge. Neutronscarry no charge. Every atom has the same number of electrons as there areprotons, so, on the whole, it is electrically neutral. The electrons havediscrete kinetic energy levels, which increase with the orbital radius. When atoms bond together to form a solid, the electron energy levels mergeinto bands. In electrical conductors, these bands are continuous but ininsulators and semiconductors there is an energy gap, in which noelectron orbits can exist, between the inner valence band and outerconduction band Book 1. Valence electrons help to bind together the atomsin a solid by orbiting 2 adjacent nucleii, while conduction electrons,being less closely bound to the nucleii, are free to move in response to anapplied voltage or electric field. The fewer conduction electrons there are,the higher the electrical resistivity of the material. In semiconductors, the materials from which solar sells are made, theenergy gap Eg is fairly small. Because of this, electrons in the valenceband can easily be made to jump to the conduction band by the injection ofenergy, either in the form of heat or light Book 4. This explains why thehigh resistivity of semiconductors decreases as the temperature is raisedor the material illuminated. The excitation of valence electrons to theconduction band is best accomplished when the semiconductor is in thecrystalline state, i.e. when the atoms are arranged in a precisegeometrical formation or lattice. At room temperature and low illumination, pure or so-calledintrinsic semiconductors have a high resistivity. But the resistivity canbe greatly reduced by doping, i.e. introducing a very small amount ofimpurity, of the order of one in a million atoms. There are 2 kinds ofdopant. Those which have more valence electrons that the semiconductoritself are called donors and those which have fewer are termedacceptors Book 2. In a silicon crystal, each atom has 4 valence electrons, which areshared with a neighbouring atom to form a stable tetrahedral structure. Phosphorus, which has 5 valence electrons, is a donor and causes extraelectrons to appear in the conduction band. Silicon so doped is called n-type Book 5. On the other hand, boron, with a valence of 3, is anacceptor, leaving so-called holes in the lattice, which act likepositive charges and render the silicon p-typeBook 5. The drawings inFigure 1.2 are 2-dimensional representations of n-and p-type siliconcrystals, in which the atomic nucleii in the lattice are indicated bycircles and the bonding valence electrons are shown as lines between theatoms. Holes, like electrons, will remove under the influence of an appliedvoltage but, as the mechanism of their movement is valence electronsubstitution from atom to atom, they are less mobile than the freeconduction electrons Book 2. .ua41da4533b65f2f6d358cb4a049fbb06 , .ua41da4533b65f2f6d358cb4a049fbb06 .postImageUrl , .ua41da4533b65f2f6d358cb4a049fbb06 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua41da4533b65f2f6d358cb4a049fbb06 , .ua41da4533b65f2f6d358cb4a049fbb06:hover , .ua41da4533b65f2f6d358cb4a049fbb06:visited , .ua41da4533b65f2f6d358cb4a049fbb06:active { border:0!important; } .ua41da4533b65f2f6d358cb4a049fbb06 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua41da4533b65f2f6d358cb4a049fbb06 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua41da4533b65f2f6d358cb4a049fbb06:active , .ua41da4533b65f2f6d358cb4a049fbb06:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua41da4533b65f2f6d358cb4a049fbb06 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua41da4533b65f2f6d358cb4a049fbb06 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua41da4533b65f2f6d358cb4a049fbb06 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua41da4533b65f2f6d358cb4a049fbb06 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua41da4533b65f2f6d358cb4a049fbb06:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua41da4533b65f2f6d358cb4a049fbb06 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua41da4533b65f2f6d358cb4a049fbb06 .ua41da4533b65f2f6d358cb4a049fbb06-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua41da4533b65f2f6d358cb4a049fbb06:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Columbian Exchange EssayIn a n-on-p crystalline silicon solar cell, a shadow junction isformed by diffusing phosphorus into a boron-based base. At the junction,conduction electrons from donor atoms in the n-region diffuse into the p-region and combine with holes in acceptor atoms, producing a layer ofnegatively-charged impurity atoms. The opposite action also takes place,holes from acceptor atoms in the p-region crossing into the n-region,combining with electrons and producing positively-charged impurity atomsBook 4. The net result of these movements is the disappearance ofconduction electrons and holes from the vicinity of the junction and theestablishment there of a reve rse electric field, which is positive on then-side and negative on the p-side. This reverse field plays a vital part inthe functioning of the device. The area in which it is set up is called thedepletion area or barrier layerBook 4. When light falls on the front surface, photons with energy in excessof the energy gap (1.1 eV in crystalline silicon) interact with valenceelectrons and lift them to the conduction band. This movement leaves behindholes, so each photon is said to generate an electron-hole pair Book 2. In the crystalline silicon, electron-hole generation takes place throughoutthe thickness of the cell, in concentrations depending on the irradianceand the spectral composition of the light. Photon energy is inverselyproportional to wavelength. The highly energetic photons in the ultra-violet and blue part of the spectrum are absorbed very near the surface,while the less energetic longer wave photons in the red and infrared areabsorbed deeper in the crystal and further from the junction Book 4. Mostare absorbed within a thickness of 100 m. The electrons and holes diffuse through the crystal in an effort toproduce an even distribution. Some recombine after a lifetime of the orderof one millisecond, neutralizing their charges and giving up energy in theform of heat. Others reach the junction before their lifetime has expired. There they are separated by the reverse field, the electrons beingaccelerated towards the negative contact and the holes towards the positiveBook 5. If the cell is connected to a load, electrons will be pushed fromthe negative contact through the load to the positive contact, where theywill recombine with holes. This constitutes an electric current. Incrystalline silicon cells, the current generated by radiation of aparticular spectral composition is directly proportional to the irradianceBook 2. Some types of solar cell, however, do not exhibit this linearrelationship. The silicon solar cell has many advantages such as high reliability,photovoltaic power plants can be put up easily and quickly, photovoltaicpower plants are quite modular and can respond to sudden changes in solarinput which occur when clouds pass by. However there are still some majorproblems with them. They still cost too much for mass use and arerelatively inefficient with conversion efficiencies of 20% to 30%. Withtime, both of these problems will be solved through mass production and newtechnological advances in semiconductors. Bibliography1) Green, Martin Solar Cells, Operating Principles, Technology and SystemApplications. New Jersey, Prentice-Hall, 1989. pg 104-1062) Hovel, Howard Solar Cells, Semiconductors and Semimetals. New York,Academic Press, 1990. pg 334-3393) Newham, Michael ,Photovoltaics, The Sunrise Industry, Solar Energy,October 1, 1989, pp 253-256 4) Pulfrey, Donald Photovoltaic PowerGeneration. Oxford, Van Norstrand Co., 1988. pg 56-615) Treble, Fredrick Generating Electricity from the Sun. New York, PergamonPress, 1991. pg 192-195